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    An insight into biotechnological approaches used for the improvement of secondary metabolites from the medicinal aquatic plant, water hyssop (Bacopa monnieri L.)
    (Springer Singapore, 2019) Aasim, Muhammad; Sameeullah, Muhammad; Karataş, Mehmet; Bakirci, Seyma; Bakhsh, Allah; Akhtar, Mohd Sayeed
    Water has a significant role on human civilizations by providing food and water along with plants grown on the banks or within the water bodies. Aquatic plants or semiaquatic plants are the group of plants that love to live in or near water bodies, and some of these plants are economically important due to their usage as food or medicinal plants. Water hyssop or brahmi (Bacopa monnieri L.) is one of the important semiaquatic/aquatic plants that has been used for medicinal purposes since ancient time in Indian subcontinent. The plant contains several secondary metabolites like bacosides which are used as memory enhancer tonic commercially. Brahmi-based registered drugs are available in India and other countries as memory enhancer tonic and for other diseases like Alzheimer’s disease, anxiety, asthma, stomach ulcers, and respiratory ailments and for curing chronic diseases like cancer. Bacopa is facing the threat of extinction from wild as it is not a cultivated plant and propagation through seed is limited due to low availability of and viability of seeds. On the other hand, extensive works on the propagation of this important medicinal plant has been reported to develop in vitro protocols for its conservation and plant propagation for secondary metabolite production. Different in vitro techniques like cell suspension culture, callus culture, and organogenesis have been reported with the objective of producing or enhancing bacoside. Furthermore, application of other biotechnological approaches like Agrobacteriummediated genetic transformation studies, use of mutagens, and in vitro polyploidization have also been reported. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to highlight the application of different biotechnological approaches used for the production, conservation, and secondary metabolite production of B. monnieri. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2019.
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    An insight into cotton genetic engineering (Gossypium hirsutum L.): current endeavors and prospects
    (SPRINGER HEIDELBERG, 2015) Bakhsh, Allah; Anayol, Emine; Ozcan, Sancar Fatih; Hussain, Tahira; Aasim, Muhammad; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Ozcan, Sebahattin
    Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is the most significant cash crop and backbone of global textile industry. The importance of cotton can hardly be over emphasized in the economy of cotton-growing countries as cotton and cotton products contribute significantly to the foreign exchange earnings. Cotton breeders have continuously sought to improve cotton's quality through conventional breeding in the past centuries; however, due to limited availability of germplasm with resistant to particular insects, pests and diseases, further advancements in cotton breeding have been challenging. The progress in transformation systems in cotton paved the way for the genetic improvement by enabling the researchers to transfer specific genes among the species and to incorporate them in cotton genome. With the development of first genetically engineered cotton plant in 1987, several characteristics such as biotic (insects, viruses, bacteria and fungi) resistance, abiotic (drought, chilling, heat, salt), herbicide tolerance, manipulation of oil and fiber traits have been reported to date. Genetic engineering has emerged as a necessary tool in cotton breeding programs, strengthening classical strategies to improve yield and yield contributing factors. The current review highlights the advances and endeavors in cotton genetic engineering achieved by researchers worldwide utilizing modern biotechnological approaches. Future prospects of the transgenic cotton are also discussed.
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    An Insight to Micropropagation of Freshwater Aquatic Medicinal Plants
    (Springer International Publishing, 2019) Aasim, Muhammad; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood; Karataş, Mehmet; Shahzad Bloch, Faheem; Bakhsh, Allah
    Freshwater aquatic plants include medicinal and ornamental species: have limited demand and rarely micropropagated. Most of them are found in Southeast Asian environments as amphibians or fully submerged or floating in lakes, streams, and watercourses that are ignored as weeds. These plants have never been central focuses and were not looked for characteristic proliferation. It is difficult to multiply these plants using traditional techniques through seeds or natural proliferation of rhizomes or cuttings by maintaining quality. Rare and fragmented but important information about micropropagation of these neglected plants has been discussed in this chapter. There are certain aquatic or semiaquatic medicinal plants for which no effort has been made to propagate in vitro. Contrarily, plants like water hyssop have extensive in vitro regeneration protocols due to its high demand. This study compares methodologies used by researchers to micropropagate these plants. It is concluded that this study will help in understanding and establishing systems for scientific propagation of these plants. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2019.
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    Development of Transgenic Potato Lines Expressing Ecdysone Receptor Gene of Colorado Potato Beetle
    (Springer, 2018) Bakhsh, Allah; Hussain, Tahira; Aasim, Muhammad; Pirlak, Ugur; Aksoy, Emre; Caliskan, Mehmet Emin
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    First Report of Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated genetic transformation of aquatic Rice paddy herb (Limnophila aromatica)
    (2016) Bakhsh, Allah; Aasim, Muhammad; Zia, Abu Bakir; Doğan, Muhammet; Sadi, Gökhan; Karataş, Mehmet; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood
    The study presents first report of Agrobacterium mediated genetic transformation in Rice paddy herb (Linmophila aromatica). A. tumefaciens strain C58C1 harboring pBin19 Plasmid containing ?-glucuronidase (GUS) and neomycin phosphotransferase II (nptII) gene, under the control of 35S promoter and NOS terminator was used. Shoot tip explants were inoculated for 30 min followed by co-cultivation for 72 h and selected on agar semi solidified MS medium containing 100 mg/l Kanamycin and 1.0 mg/l BA; whereas total number of 78 putative transgenic shoots were obtained. The shoots were rooted on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l IBA and 100 mg/l Kanamycin where 43 plants survived and rooted. Expression of GUS gene in the putative transgenics was confirmed by histochemical GUS assay. Visible localised gus expression was noted in a few cells and callus tissues of 4 plantlets that were photographed using compound light microscope.
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    Genetic engineering of ion transporters for osmotic stress tolerance
    (Elsevier, 2021) Hossain, Md. Jakir; Tillaboeva, Shakhnozakhan; Sırel, Irem Aycan; Kaya, Rabia Busenaz; Dönmez, Betül Ayça; Aasim, Muhammad; Bakhsh, Allah
    Osmotic stress remains inclusive, injuring living organisms including fungal species, bacteria, and higher plants, and is imposed by various environmental factors including drought, high salinity, and freezing. It can halt physical growth, cellular metabolism, and plants’ survival associated with special economic damages. Modulation of gene expression facilitates the plant’s response to stress leading to cellular homeostasis restoration, toxin detoxification, and growth recovery. These adaptation mediated signal transduction pathways could be disrupted by a combination of forward and reverse genetic approaches with physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies. The formation of plant osmotic adjustment is gained by elevated accumulation of K+, Na+, and Cl- (inorganic osmolytes) either by improved uptake or by controlling ion fluxes across the cellular membranes. For osmotic adjustment, organic osmolytes are likely to play a significant role that comprises the osmoprotectant of principal membrane transport proteins and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Ion transporters are referred to as transmembrane proteins that govern ions’ conduction through a biological membrane against their concentration gradient through the active type of transport. The development of transgenic species with desired membrane transport proteins (e.g., ion transporters) can be a unique choice to develop transgenic plants to combat osmotic stress. This chapter will recapitulate data related to ion transporters and their possible utilization through the genetic engineering approaches to develop osmotic stress-resistant crops against unexpected and abrupt physiological arrests. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Plant tissue culture and genetic transformation studies of poor man crop cowpea (Vigna Unguiculata L.)
    (Nova Science Publishers, Inc., 2018) Aasim, Muhammad; Sameeullah, Muhammad; Bakhsh, Allah; Sevinc, Canan; Day, Sibel; Khawar, Khalid Mahmood
    Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) with origin in West Africa, is one of the most important cultivated edible and drought tolerant legume of semiarid and subtropical regions. It is used for consumption as human food and animal feed, providing low cost protein and vitamin supplements. It is also important since it fixes atmospheric mitogen and could act as an intercrop with many important cereals, industrial and cash crops in high drought hit areas. Biotic and abiotic stresses are major constraints that are hitting yield of this crop in larger parts of the world. Use of biotechnology could serve as an appropriate technique to accelerate breeding activities and handle factors affecting its growth and development. This study reviews recent developments about the plant that is difficult and shows high recalcitrance to in vitro regeneration and genetic transformation; using different genes of interest, since 1980s. Main focus of the study included a comparison of protocols developed for sterilization, types of explants used in the study, growth mediums, cultural conditions, rooting, acclimatization and genetic transformation of cowpea. Different researchers have used variable pathways and pursuits to achieve regeneration from number of explants and plant hormone combinations to achieve the goals. © 2018 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.
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    Towards better insect management strategy: restriction of insecticidal gene expression to biting sites in transgenic cotton
    (SPRINGER, 2016) Anayol, Emine; Bakhsh, Allah; Karakoc, Omer Cem; Onarici, Selma; Kom, Deniz; Aasim, Muhammad; Ozcan, Sebahattin
    Most of the commercialized Bt crops express cry genes under 35S promoter that induces strong gene expression in all plant parts. However, targeted foreign gene expression in plants is esteemed more important as public may be likely to accept 'less intrusive' expression of transgene. We developed plant expression constructs harboring cry1Ac gene under control of wound-inducible promoter (AoPR1) to confine Bt gene expression in insect wounding parts of the plants in comparison with cry1Ac gene under the control of 35S promoter. The constructs were used to transform four Turkish cotton cultivars (GSN-12, STN-468, Ozbek-100 and Ayhan-107) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains GV2260 containing binary vectors p35SAcBAR.101 and AoPR1AcBAR.101 harboring cry1Ac gene under control of 35S and AoPR1, respectively. Phosphinothricin (PPT) was used at concentration of 5 mg L-1 for selection of primary transformants. The primary transformants were analyzed for transgene presence and expression standard molecular techniques. The transformants exhibited appreciable mortality rates against larvae of Spodoptera exigua and S. littoralis. It was found that mechanical wounding of T (1) transgenic plants was effective in inducing expression of cry1Ac protein as accumulated levels of cry1Ac protein increased during post-wounding period. We conclude that use of wound-inducible promoter to drive insecticidal gene(s) can be regarded as a valuable insect-resistant management strategy since the promoter activity is limited to insect biting sites of plant. There is no Bt toxin accumulation in unwounded plant organs, seed and crop residues, cotton products and by-products, thus minimizing food and environmental concerns.