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Öğe Geochemical evolution and tracing of groundwater salinization using different ionic ratios, multivariate statistical and geochemical modeling approaches in a typical semi-arid basin(Elsevier, 2021) Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba; Abu, Mahamuda; Zango, Musah SaeedThe vulnerability of semi-arid basin aquifers to long-term salinization due to the dissolution of groundwater chemical constituents is a major global problem. Despite this, resilient techniques of tracing the sources of groundwater salinization in semi-arid basin aquifers are still evolving due to the aquifer complexities. This study proves the effectiveness of the use of different ionic ratios, multivariate statistical, and geochemical modeling approaches to understand groundwater evolution and trace salinization in the semi-arid Pru Basin of Ghana. The basin is homogeneously composed of argillaceous sediments of the Oti/Pendjari Group of the Voltaian Supergroup. A total of 81 samples from hand-dug wells and boreholes within the Pru Formation of the Oti/Pendjari Group in the basin were collected for this study. Quantitative analysis of the data shows that the abundance of major ions follows the order: Na+ -> Ca2+ -> Mg2+ -> K+ and Cl- -> HCO3 -> SO42-. The groundwater evolved from Na-HCO3, Na-HCO3-Cl, Na-Ca-HCO3 to Na-Mg-HCO3 water types in a decreasing order of abundance. Calculated meteoric genesis index (r2) indicates the dominance of deep meteoric water percolation effects on groundwater chemistry. Groundwater chemistry is principally controlled by water-rock interaction, ion exchange reactions, weathering (carbonate and silicate), salinization, and anthropogenic activities. Different ionic ratio plots and spatial distribution maps reveal the prevalence of salinization in the aquifer system, especially around the southwestern part of the basin. Revelle index assessment of the groundwater salinization level indicates that about 19.8% of the groundwater samples with RI values >0.5 is influenced by salinization. The groundwater salinization results from saline water intrusion from adjacent aquifers, mixing effects, ion exchange reactions, water-rock interaction, and anthropogenic activities. The geochemical modeling involving thermodynamic calculation of mineral saturation indices in PHREEQC indicates that groundwater is largely saturated with respect to majority of the carbonate and silicate mineral phases.Öğe Geochemistry and petrography of beach sands along the western coast of Ghana: implications for provenance and tectonic settings(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Abu, Mahamuda; Sunkari, Emmanuel DaanobaThe paleoweathering, provenance, and tectonic setting of sediments of the western coast of Ghana were unraveled using the geochemistry of 29 beach sands, which are characterized by coarse-, medium-, and fine-grained sizes. The coarse-grained beach sands contain higher SiO2 content (2.9-96 wt.%) than the medium-grained (4.9-94 wt.%) and fine-grained (16.1-90.7 wt.%) sands, implying that the increase in grain size is related to the increase in SiO2 content. Al2O3 and CaO concentrations are higher in the fine- and medium-grained sands than the coarse-grained sands. The beach sands are compositionally immature based on the index of compositional variable values (1.17-141) and Th/Sc versus Zr/Sc diagram although they have high SiO2/Al2O3 values. The high SiO2/Al2O3 is not indicative of the weathering conditions of the coastal sediments in the area. The sands are chemically unaltered clastic materials of first cycle regime that still have their labile minerals retained in them very close to the sediment source based on the chemical index of alteration values, plagioclase index of alteration values, and A-CN-K and A-CNK-FM ternary diagrams. The total rare earth elements (Sigma REE) content increases with decreasing grain size. However, there are some discrepancies where some coarsegrained samples have high Sigma REE content. This suggests that apart from the grain size, the provenance of the sediments has direct control over their geochemical composition. The correlation of the rare earth elements patterns of the beach sands with those of adjacent source rocks points to felsic sources for their derivation. The felsic (granodioritic composition) igneous suites of the Paleoproterozoic Birimian highland rocks adjacent to the beach sediments in the western coast are possibly the source rocks of the beach sands. Rifting in the continents is the tectonic regime probably during the Paleoproterozoic times responsible for deposition of the beach sands in the western coast of Ghana.Öğe Hydrochemistry with special reference to fluoride contamination in groundwater of the Bongo district, Upper East Region, Ghana(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2019) Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba; Abu, MahamudaThis study was conducted to understand the hydrochemistry of groundwater in the Bongo district and unravel the source of fluoride in the groundwater using an integrated hydrochemical analysis and multivariate geostatistical analysis. A total of thirty (30) borehole water samples were collected in various communities in the district during the dry season. The district is dominated by Upper Birimian (Paleoproterozoic) metavolcanics and granitoids known as the Bongo granitoids. Hydrochemical facies identified in the area include Ca-Na-HCO3 (70%) and Ca-Mg-HCO3 (30%) water types. The Ca-Na-HCO3 water types are hosted in fractured bedrocks of the Upper Birimian metavolcanics and the K-feldspar rich Bongo granitoids, whereas the Ca-Mg-HCO3 water types are within the Upper Birimian volcanic/metavolcanic sequences. All the hydrochemical parameters show acceptable concentrations for drinking purposes except fluoride (1.71-4.0 mg/L). The high fluoride concentrations in the groundwater are largely due to intense dissolution of the Bongo granitoids, which contain biotite and muscovite as the dominant fluoride-bearing minerals. The pH, Ca2+, SO42-, HCO3- and CO32- concentrations have weak positive correlations with F- concentrations of the groundwater implying some dependent relationship and different source for the fluoride. Principal component analysis performed on the hydrochemical data resulted in three principal components (PCs), which explain 76.251% of the total variance. The three PCs represent the dominant processes influencing the groundwater chemistry, which include water-rock interaction, mineral dissolution, and ion exchange reactions, respectively, with water-rock interaction as the most dominant process. However, anthropogenic sources such as the use of phosphate fertilizers cannot be precluded from contributing to the groundwater fluoride contamination.Öğe Hydrogeochemical characterization and assessment of groundwater quality in the Kwahu-Bombouaka Group of the Voltaian Supergroup, Ghana(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba; Abu, Mahamuda; Zango, Musah Saeed; Wani, Alex Modi LomoroThe Kwahu-Bombouaka Group of the Voltaian Basin, which defines the northern fringe of the basin, constitutes a significant part of the North East Region of Ghana. Most of the inhabitants in the region depend on groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes. Therefore, a geochemical characterization and assessment of groundwater quality in the area was carried out using hydrochemical, GIS-based ordinary kriging interpolation and multivariate statistical methods on fifty-five (55) borehole water samples. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations and spatial distribution of various ions, groundwater quality issues and the geochemical processes contributing to groundwater chemistry. The area is largely underlain by sandy shales and mudstones of the Poubogou Formation and feldspathic, quartzitic sandstones with conglomeratic lenses of the Panabako Formation. The abundance of major cations in the groundwater is in the order: Na+ > Ca2+ > K+ > Mg2+ whereas that of the major anions vary in the order: HCO3- > SO42- > Cl-. Na-HCO3 water type is common in the area, which may be due to dissolution from silicate minerals (albite and microcline) in the basement rocks. The results indicate that fluoride (0.01-8.40 mg/L, mean of 0.58 mg/L) and boron (0.01-4.81 mg/L, mean of 0.28 mg/L) contamination is a threat to groundwater quality with respect to their guideline values provided by the World Health Organization. The groundwater chemistry is primarily controlled by ion exchange reactions, weathering of silicate minerals residing in the Panabako Formation and anthropogenic activities from agriculture. Groundwater in the area is largely suitable for drinking purposes although some few boreholes in the northwestern and southeastern parts have high fluoride and boron concentrations. The sodium percentage (11-99%, mean of 70%), magnesium ratios (2.05-57, mean of 29) and sodium adsorption ratio (0.15-38, mean of 4.72) are quite high in some of the communities in the southeastern part of the area. This suggests that water in this part of the area is not entirely suitable for irrigationÖğe Paleocurrent analysis, petrographic, geochemical and statistical appraisal of Neoproterozoic siliciclastic sediments, NE Voltaian Basin, Ghana: a multidisciplinary approach to paleogeographic reconstruction(Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Abu, Mahamuda; Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba; Gurel, AliThis study used sedimentary structures, facies analysis, petrographic studies, statistical techniques and geochemical data of the Bombouaka/Gambaga Group of the NE Voltaian Basin, Ghana to decipher the source of the sediments. Field measurements covered the Tossiegou, Poubogou, and Panabako Formations of the Bombouaka/Gambaga Group. The influence of hydraulic sorting was interpreted from the effects of highly resistant heavy minerals (identified in the petrographic studies) from polycyclic sources. Principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to the geochemical data to understand element associations. Two broad facies types were identified; lithofacies and ichnofacies. The lithofacies were observed as (a) asymmetric ripple marks on sandstones, (b) parallel lamination on silty/argillaceous sediments, (c) straight-crested and bifurcated ripples on shales, (d) flute casts and climbing ripples on sandy shales, (e) bipolar herringbone cross-bedding on quartz-rich sandstones, and (f) wavy lamination and cross-bedding on feldspathic sandstones. However, the ichnofacies include onlySkolithoson quartzitic sandstones. The structural analyses suggest that about 85% of the paleocurrents were from NE to SW direction with subordinate directions from WNW to ESE. Based on the predominant paleocurrent directions, the sediments were probably derived from the basement Birimian rocks (metavolcanic and metasedimentary rocks with associated granitoids), previously paleogeographically located in the Amazonian Craton but now eroded, transported and transformed into the Birimian Supergroup from which the Voltaian sediments were derived. The PCA points to similar sources of granitoids and metasedimentary rocks. Therefore, the geochemical results and the PCA interpretations support the paleocurrent structures-inferred sources of the sediments in the NE Voltaian Basin.Öğe Sources and routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in water systems in Africa: Are there any sustainable remedies?(Elsevier, 2021) Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba; Korboe, Harriet Mateko; Abu, Mahamuda; Kizildeniz, TefideGovernments across the globe are currently besieged with the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2. Although some countries have been largely affected by this pandemic, others are only slightly affected. In this regard, every government is taking precautionary measures to mitigate the adverse effects of COVID-19. SARS-CoV-2 has been detected in wastewater raising an alarm for Africa due to the poor water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities. Also, most countries in Africa do not have resilient policies governing sanitation and water management systems, which expose them to higher risk levels for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this study unearthed the likely sources and routes of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in water systems (mainly wastewater) in Africa through a holistic review of published works. This provided the opportunity to propose sustainable remedial measures, which can be extrapolated to most developing countries in the world. The principal sources and routes of potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in water systems are hospital sewage, waste from isolation and quarantine centres, faecal-oral transmission, contaminated surface and groundwater sources, and contaminated sewage. The envisioned overwhelming impact of these sources on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through water systems in Africa suggests that governments need to put stringent and sustainable measures to curtail the scourge. Hence, it is proposed that governments in Africa must put measures like improved WASH facilities and public awareness campaigns, suburbanization of wastewater treatment facilities, utilizing low-cost point-of-use water treatment systems, legally backed policy interventions, and Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS). SARS-CoV-2 in water systems can be inactivated and destroyed by integrating ozonation, chlorination, UV irradiation, and sodium hypochlorite in low-cost point-of-use treatment systems. These proposed sustainable remedial measures can help policymakers in Africa to effectively monitor and manage the untoward impact of SARS-CoV-2 on water systems and consequently, on the health of the general public. (C) 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Öğe Untapped Economic Resource Potential of the Neoproterozoic to Early Paleozoic Volta Basin, Ghana: A Review(Springer, 2019) Abu, Mahamuda; Sunkari, Emmanuel Daanoba; Sener, MehmetThe similar to 115,000 km(2) Volta Basin of Ghana is one of the most studied geological terrains. However, unlike the Birimian and Tarkwaian which have been targeted due to their gold potential, the Volta Basin has been studied largely only toward resolving its lithostratigraphic-related issues. The Volta Basin, however, has economic resource potentials that are worth exploring for the economic benefit of the country. This study seeks to highlight some of the economic resources of the Volta Basin that can be harnessed through further exploration and evaluation. Synthesis of the available literature on the economic resources of the Basin and some few field relations by the authors helped in unraveling the economic resource potential of the Basin. Previous mineral prospectivity maps for various identified minerals in the Basin were merged into a single large-scale map and overlaid on the geology of the area using GIS-based kriging interpolation method to outline the complete mineral resource potential of the Volta Basin. The study reveals that the northeastern, central, and southeastern fringes of the Basin have extensive exposures of sandstones that can be extracted and quarried for construction purposes. The Oti/Pendjari Group with a large areal extent coupled with a great thickness could be evaluated for brick and tiles production. The Group also has a wealth of limestones in the Mamprusi areas that could serve as a hub for cement production to serve all the northern parts of the country if exploited. The Basin could be hosting gold deposits via late hydrothermal fluids evidenced by quartz veins and the presence of extensive continuation of the Birimian structures into the overlying Volta Basin which are the main controlling features of the Birimian gold deposits. The Basin hosts phosphate, bauxite, diamond and iron ore deposits in some localities. Out of these, only iron ore discovered in the Sheini area is currently under exploration but is being constrained by several geological factors. Although Premuasi 1 well has not given promising results on the hydrocarbon potential of the Basin, the lithostratigraphic succession of the basin supports a complete hydrocarbon system just like the Taodeni Basin.
