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    Does population aging affect income inequality?
    (IGI Global, 2021) Özaytürk, Gürçem; Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, Findik Özlem
    This study analyzes the relationship between the elderly dependency ratio and income inequality over the period 1972-2019 in countries such as the USA, Japan, the UK, France, Germany, Canada, and Italy, which rank top in the population aging, using the Fourier-Shin cointegration test. According to the results, the rise in the elderly dependency ratio of all countries included in the analysis, except for France, has a positive impact on income inequality. The result implying that the rise in the elderly dependency ratio increases the income inequality and renders some policy recommendations possible. Accordingly, the provision of adequate childcare programs and family aids can result in greater labor force participation in the short- and long-run. In addition, a pension system can be developed to lower the elderly dependency ratio, more money can be saved for the retirement period, and working domains can be developed for the post-retirement period. © 2021, IGI Global.
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    Dynamics of technological unemployment, leadership, and entrepreneurship during the industry 4.0 revolution
    (Apple Academic Press, 2023) Alper, Ali Eren; Alper, Findik Özlem; Ozayturk, Gurcem
    Throughout the process from the First Industrial Revolution that began with the invention of the steam engine to Industry 4.0, each of the industrial revolutions has led to a technological and economic paradigm shift. The First Industrial Revolution, which included water and steam power for mechanization and began in the 18th century, was followed by the Second Industrial Revolution, which used electrical power for mass production, and the Third Industrial Revolution was experienced in the 1970s along with the introduction of electronics and information technologies. By the dawn of the 21st century, the Industry 4.0 revolution, which can be described as multidimensional, has come into existence covering various modern automation systems and digital software domains. New technological developments that have been accelerated by Industry 4.0, which first emerged in Hannover, Germany in 2011, have caused changes both at the micro-level (productivity in production, cost advantage, profitability, etc.) and at the macro-level (growth, employment, education, investment environment, human resources, entrepreneurship, etc.). The most important discussion of the Industry 4.0 revolution, in which leaders with innovative ideas and entrepreneurial characteristics were quite influential on its occurrence, involves the extent to which it will affect working life and unemployment. There are various views on this issue that can be classified as optimistic and pessimistic. The optimistic view asserts that a highly qualified labor force can persist in working life through human-machine interaction, whereas the pessimistic approach argues that with the inclusion of machines in production, the need for labor force will decline, and thus, unemployment will increase. As a result, while each new technology causes unemployment by adversely affecting certain sectors and business lines, the culture of entrepreneurship and the changing perception of leadership contribute to the emergence of new business lines and new job opportunities. In this study, the development and characteristics of industrial revolutions in the historical process are examined and some detections are made by discussing the impacts of Industry 4.0 in working life within the framework of unemployment, leadership, and entrepreneurship culture. © 2023 by Apple Academic Press, Inc. All rights reserved.