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    Defence responses in leaves of resistant and susceptible pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars infected with different inoculum concentrations of Phytophthora capsici Leon
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2011) Koc, Esra; Ustun, Aysen Sulun; Islek, Cemil; Arici, Yeliz Kasko
    Three pepper cultivars (PM-702: resistant, Demre-8 and KM-hot: susceptible) with different resistances to Phytophthora capsici-22 (P. capsici-22) were inoculated with different concentrations of zoospores to analyze the time course of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), praline and total protein. Samples were collected from the leaves of three pepper cultivars on the 2nd, 4th. and 6th days after infection; important differences were observed in PAL activity, MDA amount, H(2)O(2), proline, and total protein with respect to zoospore concentration, infection time, and type of pepper cultivars. Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, was increased in inoculated leaves of all three cultivars. The increase in production of PAL upon challenge was higher in the infected plants compared to the non-infected (control) plants. An early induction of PAL was observed in the leaves of all peppers infected with P. capsici within two days, making it one of the detected earlier responses to infection. Moreover, pathogen stress increased the rate of lipid peroxidation (which is indicated by increasing MDA content). Production of reactive oxygen species, H(2)O(2), and lipid peroxidation increased in pepper leaves by increasing time of infection and inoculum concentration. The findings suggested that PM-702 pepper cultivar was inherently better protected against lipid peroxidation under P. capsici stress than KM-hot and Demre-8. In addition, it was observed that proline content in the leaves of infected susceptible cultivars increased with time, but highest proline and total protein in non-infected (control) leaves were recorded in resistant cultivar. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Pretreatment with spermidine and proline reverses inhibitory effects of Phytophthora capsici stress in pepper
    (LITHUANIAN RESEARCH CENTRE AGRICULTURE & FORESTRY, 2016) Koc, Esra; Arici, Yeliz Kasko; Islek, Cemil
    Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici Leon.), which is one of the most important disease factors incurring great economic losses, causes root crown rot. When pepper seedlings were pretreated with 0.1 mM spermidine (spd), 1 mM spd, 0.1 mM spd + 1 mM proline, 0.1 mM spd + 10 mM proline, 1 mM spd + 1 mM proline and 1 mM spd + 10 mM proline and then exposed to P. capsici, they improved their tolerance to subsequent P. capsici-induced oxidative damage. It was detected that cultivar 'Sirena RZ F1' was resistant to P. capsici and it was determined that cultivar 'Sera Demre-8' exhibited sensitive reaction. P. capsici stress caused an increase in total phenolic, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, as well as peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in leaves of pepper seedlings. Application of exogenous spermidine and spermidine + proline further increased PPO and POX activity, total phenolic amount. On the other hand, these applications in two cultivars and all days decreased the disease severity, necrosis length and MDA and H2O2 amounts. These data show that antioxidants, especially polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and total phenolic appear to protect pepper seedlings against stress-related damage. Moreover, spermidine and spermidine + proline have the potential to scavenge directly free radicals and promote the activity of antioxidant enzymes in pepper seedlings under P. capsici stress. In addition, it was also identified that especially 0.1 mM spd, 1 mM spd and 0.1 mM spd + 1 mM proline applications decreased the colony growth of P. capsici and the amount of zoospores. Therefore, we suggest that spermidine and spermidine + proline could play a protective role in protecting the pepper seedlings from P. capsici stress.
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    The investigation of quality features of Turkish commercial honey bee queens (Apis mellifera L.) in different seasons
    (Univ Agriculture, Fac Veterinary Science, 2023) Akturk, Salim; Sekeroglu, Ahmet; Okuyan, Samet; Akdeniz, Goekhan; Arici, Yeliz Kasko; Solmaz, Serhat; Cakici, Neslihan
    The quality of queen bees plays a crucial role in colony losses and overall productivity. However, there is a lack of studies utilizing commercially available queen bees with a substantial sample size. This study aims to address this research gap by assessing the quality attributes of queens sold in Turkiye and investigating the influence of season and breeds on these attributes. Anonymously obtained from 15 different queen producers across five regions in three different seasons, queens were evaluated, based on reproductive criteria. In addition to these queen producers, we also included queens from Apiculture Research Institute, in which this study was conducted. Weight features and dissection characteristics were found to be influenced by the time period and ecotypes. This study examined the average diameter of the spermatheca, with measurements of 1.148 mm in April-May, 1.109 mm in July, and 1.115 mm in September. The average overall sperm count recorded was approximately 4.086 million. It is considered that this number is adequate and could be further improved by applying elements such as optimal location selection, drone cultivation, and correct and thorough implementation of the production method. While this study revealed multiple advantages of Yigilca Ecotype queen bees, the findings did not establish a substantial advantage over other breeds to recommend their widespread usage in beekeeping enterprises. To make definitive suggestions, it is crucial to conduct similar research over multiple years and assess colony growth in regions favored by migratory beekeepers during winter. The findings of this study provide valuable information about the quality of available queens from different regions and ecotypes in different seasons, aiding beekeepers in making informed decisions when purchasing queen bees. Additionally, the research offers valuable insights for queen bee producers, assisting in the timing of queen bee rearing operations based on specific regions and ecotypes.