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    Natural vacuum distillation technique - Part I: Theory and basics
    (John Wiley and Sons Ltd, 2004) Midilli A.; Ayhan T.
    This part of the study presents the theory, design and appropriate models of a new distillation system with natural vacuum technique. Natural vacuum distillation (NVD) system is considered as ? (opposite U) to obtain 10.33m of water elevation and create natural vacuum. Theoretical models of this system are investigated and appropriate models are selected for practice applications. In the scope of this study, the theory and design criteria of NVD system which include balance design and selection of distillation method, natural vacuum formation, balancing and feeding processes are introduced and discussed in detail. Additionally, P-v and T-s diagrams including the process flow of each model are obtained by depending on thermodynamic behaviours of the system. Consequently, the operation height between the tanks and columns should be stable and conserved as 10.33 m of water in order to create the natural vacuum and keep the natural balance of the system for a long time. Hence, the water is transported throughout the system due to the pressure differences between evaporation and distillation parts. The pressure losses that are caused by the water-level differences between tanks and columns should be taken into account and absolutely reduced. Moreover, the system should be definitely operated in the natural vacuum to efficiently conduct the production of distilled water from wastewater with the high temperature. © 2004 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.
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    Natural vacuum distillation technique - Part II: Experimental investigation
    (2004) Midilli A.; Ayhan T.
    This part of the study is concerned with the experimental investigation and uncertainty analysis of natural vacuum distillation process. Natural vacuum distillation (NVD) system is operated in the forms of free and forced mass convection. The experiments are conducted at temperatures of 20 and 40°C of network water as fluid in the system. During the experiments, total pressure losses are measured as 15.33 kPa during free mass convection distillation while 14 kPa during forced mass convection distillation. Depending on time and temperature, the ratios of vapour/wastewater (v/ww)free, distilled water/wastewater (dw/ww)forced and total energy/distilled water (te/dw) are experimentally determined. Moreover, the ratios of mass and energy balances are experimentally obtained. Accordingly, it is found that the ratios of (dw)forced/(dw)free vary between 1.4 and 1.6 depending on the wastewater temperatures. In addition, 2.5 kWh kg-1 distilled water is experimentally used in the NVD system with free mass convection while 2.6 kWh kg-1 distilled water in the NVD system with forced mass convection. In case of reduction of heat and pressure losses in the systems, 0.7 kWh is needed for the former while 1.3 kWh of energy is required for the latter. © 2004 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd.