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    Cross-resistance, the stability of acetamiprid resistance and its effect on the biological parameters of cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae), in Pakistan
    (WILEY, 2015) Afzal, Muhammad Babar Shahzad; Shad, Sarfraz Ali; Abbas, Naeem; Ayyaz, Mahmood; Walker, William B.
    BACKGROUND: Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide that is effective against both soil and plant insects, including insects of the orders Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, Homoptera and Thysanoptera. In order to estimate the effects associated with insecticide exposure and devise better pest management tactics, a field population of Phenacoccus solenopsis was exposed to acetamiprid in the laboratory. Subsequently, cross-resistance and the effects of acetamiprid on the biological parameters of P. solenopsis were investigated. RESULTS: Following five rounds of selection with acetamiprid, P. solenopsis developed a 315-fold greater resistance to this chemical compared with an unexposed control population. The selected population also demonstrated very high to moderate cross-resistance to other tested insecticides. Furthermore, acetamiprid resistance remained unstable when the acetamiprid-selected population was not exposed for a further five generations. The acetamiprid-selected population had a relative fitness of 0.22, with significantly lower survival rate, pupal weight, fecundity, percentage hatching, net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of natural increase, biotic potential and mean relative growth rate, with prolonged male and female nymphal duration, developmental time from egg to female adult and male and female longevity compared with the control population. CONCLUSION: P. solenopsis biological parameters are greatly affected by acetamiprid, and it is of significant cost for the insects to counter these effects. This study will be a valuable source of information for further understanding of acetamiprid resistance and for assisting the development of resistance management programmes. (C) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
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    Diagnosis of the casual viruses of crop plants
    (Elsevier, 2020) Ulubaş Serçe, Çiğdem; Ayyaz, Mahmood
    Plant viruses are major problem in agriculture and have the potential to cause significant losses. Unfortunately, there is no direct control measure or feasible and economical chemical agents that could be effective against plant viruses. The accurate detection and diagnosis of a viral disease is an important step for implementing control measures. Various diagnostic methods have been developed and are available for authentication of the diagnosis of plant viruses. The advances in the biotechnological techniques for the detection of nucleic acid and proteins have enabled to quality and reliable detection and identification of the plant viral diseases. This chapter is an overview of available methods for the effective diagnosis of plant viruses and discusses the possible advantages and limitations in their application. © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Effect of host plants on life history traits of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae)
    (CAMBRIDGE UNIV PRESS, 2018) Dogar, Abdul Manan; Ayyaz, Mahmood; Abbas, Naeem; Shad, Sarfraz Ali; Naeem, Afifa
    Cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley is an important polyphagous insect pest and causes severe losses to different crops worldwide. In the current study, we investigated the effect of different host plants, such as Caesalpinia pulcherrima, Plumeria rubra, Anthurium andraeanum, Jasminum sambac, and Hibiscus rosasinensis, on the biological parameters of P. solenopsis. The survival rate from crawler to adult, female nymphal duration, development time from crawler to female adult, and female adult weight were significantly different on the different hosts. Male nymphal duration, development time from crawler to male adult, pupal weight, emergence rate of male adults, and mean relative growth rate for male were similar on all the tested host plants. Pupal duration and generation time of male and female on H. rosasinensis were significantly shorter than on the other hosts. Adult male and female P. solenopsis longevity was significantly shorter on H. rosasinensis compared to other hosts. The fecundity was lower on C. pulcherrima and A. andraeanum and hatchability was lower on C. pulcherrima than on the other hosts. The net reproductive rate, the intrinsic rate of natural increase, and biotic potential and mean relative growth rate for female of P. solenopsis were significantly different on the tested hosts. Our results point to the role of host plants in increasing the populations of P. solenopsis and could help to design cultural management strategies.
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    Screening of Different Groundnut, Aarachis hypogaea L. (Fabaceae: Fabales) Cultivars Against Red Hairy Caterpillar, Amsacta albistriga W. (Arctiidae: Lepidoptera) Population in Relation to Leaf Infestation, Physico-morphic Characters, Abiotic Factors and Yield
    (ZOOLOGICAL SOC PAKISTAN, 2015) Baig, Farrukh; Ayyaz, Mahmood; Javed, Humayun
    Field screening of six groundnut cultivars (BARD-92, BARD-699, BARD-479, BAIU-2000, Golden and Chakori) in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted against red hairy caterpillar (RHC), Amsacta albistriga (Walker), population in relation to leaf infestation, physico-morphic characters (leaf area and plant height), abiotic factors (temperature, rainfall and humidity) and their ultimate impact on yield. Highest RHC population and leaf infestation was observed on BARD-699 and the lowest on BARD-479 throughout the season. Irrespective of plant height, leaf area seemed to effect insect infestation with minimum infestation on BARD-479 with maximum leaf area while minimum was observed on BARD-699 (maximum insect infestation). The plant height of BARD-699 was found to be maximum, whereas minimum plant height was observed on BARD-479. Maximum pod yield was recorded on Bard-479 and minimum of Bard-699. The order of cultivar resistance against RHC population during the whole crop duration was BARD-479 < BARI-2000 < Golden < BARI-92 < Chakori < BARD-699. RHC population showed significant and positive correlation with leaf infestation, and non-significant and negative correlation with leaf area. Non-significant and positive correlation was found among RHC population and plant height, and significant but negative relationship was noted between mean temperature and RHC population. Although effect of rainfall was significant and positive on RHC population, there was significant and positive correlation between relative humidity and population of RHC. A significant and negative correlation between RHC population and yield was recorded. Based on the results, high yielding cultivar Bard-479 was found resistant and low yielding Bard-699 was found susceptible against RHC.
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    Screening of different groundnut, aarachis hypogaea L. (Fabaceae: Fabales) cultivars against red hairy caterpillar, amsacta albistriga W. (Arctiidae: Lepidoptera) population in relation to leaf infestation, physico-morphic characters, abiotic factors and yield
    (University of Punjab (new Campus), 2015) Baig, Farrukh; Ayyaz, Mahmood; Javed, Humayun
    Field screening of six groundnut cultivars (BARD-92, BARD-699, BARD-479, BARI-2000, Golden and Chakori) in randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted against red hairy caterpillar (RHC), Amsacta albistriga (Walker), population in relation to leaf infestation, physico-morphic characters (leaf area and plant height), abiotic factors (temperature, rainfall and humidity) and their ultimate impact on yield. Highest RHC population and leaf infestation was observed on BARD-699 and the lowest on BARD-479 throughout the season. Irrespective of plant height, leaf area seemed to effect insect infestation with minimum infestation on BARD-479 with maximum leaf area while minimum was observed on BARD-699 (maximum insect infestation). The plant height of BARD-699 was found to be maximum, whereas minimum plant height was observed on BARD-479. Maximum pod yield was recorded on Bard-479 and minimum of Bard-699. The order of cultivar resistance against RHC population during the whole crop duration was BARD-479 < BARI-2000 < Golden < BARI-92 < Chakori < BARD-699. RHC population showed significant and positive correlation with leaf infestation, and non-significant and negative correlation with leaf area. Non-significant and positive correlation was found among RHC population and plant height, and significant but negative relationship was noted between mean temperature and RHC population. Although effect of rainfall was significant and positive on RHC population, there was significant and positive correlation between relative humidity and population of RHC. A significant and negative correlation between RHC population and yield was recorded. Based on the results, high yielding cultivar Bard-479 was found resistant and low yielding Bard-699 was found susceptible against RHC. Copyright 2015 Zoological Society of Pakistan.