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    Analysis of serum cytokine and protective vitamin D levels in severe cases of COVID-19
    (Wiley, 2022) Bayraktar, Nihayet; Turan, Hamdiye; Bayraktar, Mehmet; Ozturk, Ali; Erdogdu, Hamza
    In this study, we investigated the role and relationship between the cytokine profile and protective vitamin D by measuring their serum levels in COVID-19 intensive care unit patients with severe illnesses. A total of 74 patients were included in our study. Patients were divided into two groups. Patients in the COVID-19 group (n = 31) and individuals without a history of serious illness or infection were used as the control group (n = 43). The serum concentrations of interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Levels of serum vitamin D were detected with Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methodologies. TNF-alpha, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-21, and vitamin D levels were measured in all patients. The serum cytokine levels in the COVID-19 patient group were significantly higher (151.59 +/- 56.50, 140.37 +/- 64.32, 249.02 +/- 62.84, 129.04 +/- 31.64, and 123.58 +/- 24.49, respectively) than control groups. Serum vitamin D was also significantly low (6.82 +/- 3.29) in patients in the COVID-19 group than the controls (21.96 +/- 5.39). Regarding the correlation of vitamin D with cytokine levels, it was significantly variable. Our study shows that COVID-19 patients are associated with lower serum vitamin D and higher pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with increased virus presence. Our data provide more evidence of the anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D on COVID-19 patients and the protective effects of vitamin D on risk were demonstrated.
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    Antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens isolated from healthcare workers' cellphones
    (Elsevier France-Editions Scientifiques Medicales Elsevier, 2021) Bayraktar, Mehmet; Kaya, Eyyup; Ozturk, Ali; Ibahim, Bashar Mohammed Salih
    Objective: To evaluate bacterial isolates, antibiotic susceptibility, and disease transmission risk in healthcare workers using cellphones. Methods: A total of 70 cellphones were received from the hospital staff. Samples were collected from the phones with a sterile cotton swab moistened with physiological saline solution. Samples were inoculated in a bacteriological culture medium and incubated at 37.5 degrees C for 24-48 hours. Identification of microorganisms was performed by traditional methods and VITEK 2 device. Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used to determine antibiotic susceptibility. Results: A total of 26 species and 170 microorganisms were isolated from 66 cellphones from which bacterial growths were obtained: coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 63, 37%) (most commonly-Staphylococcus epidermidis: 25/63), Micrococcus luteus (n = 25, 14.7%), Tetracoccus (n = 24, 14.1%), Kocuria spp. (n = 24, 14.1%), Corynebacterium diphtheriae (n = 7, 4.1%), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (n = 5, 3.0%), S. aureus (n = 4, 2.3%), Enterococcus spp. (n = 5, 2.9%), Acinerobacter spp. (n = 7, 4.1%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (n = 2, 1.2%), Actinomyces spp. (n = 1, 0.6%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n = 1, 0.6%), Morganella morgardi (a = 1, 0.6%), and Alcaligenes faecalis (a = 1, 0.6%). Gram-positive isolates were all susceptible to the antibiotics used, whereas Gram-negative isolates were all resistant to ceftazidime. Conclusion: Hands and/or cellphones of healthcare staff can be contaminated with various types of microorganisms. We recommend proper hand washing and disinfection to prevent bacterial pathogens spread within the hospital.
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    Aromatase Enzyme Activity and Liver Receptor Homolog-1 Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
    (Bentham Science Publishers, 2023) Bayraktar, Nihayet; Taş, Hasip; Bayraktar, Mehmet; Koyuncu, İsmail; Sarı, İsmail; Uyanıkoğlu, Hacer
    Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is one of the prediabetes conditions in which high blood sugar levels and body weight increase during pregnancy. The underlying molecular and biochemical mechanisms of GDM have been poorly defined. Introduction: Aromatase enzyme activity is responsible for the conversion of androgens to estrogens and has a share in the regulation of body fat distribution and liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1), which plays a critical role in cholesterol transport, acid homeostasis, and steroidogenesis in GDM patients. This study aims to determine the levels of aromatase enzyme and LRH-1 in GDM patients and to investigate the relationship between the levels of aromatase enzyme and LRH-1 and the levels of insulin, HbA 1c and total cholesterol. Methods: This prospective cross-sectional study was conducted over eleven months (September 2020 to July 2021). The study population was selected at Harran University Teaching and Research Hospital. The study included 32 GDM patients and 32 healthy pregnants. The automated assay measured serum fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, and insulin levels (AVIDA 1800 Chemistry System; Siemens). Aromatase enzyme activity and LRH-1 levels were determined by using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit. Results: Aromatase activity decreased in GDM patients while LRH1 increased. Significant differences in means levels of fasting blood glucose (p = 0.11), insulin (p = 0.001) and HbA1c (p = 0.001) between the patients and control groups. There was a significant negative correlation between the levels of aromatase and insulin (r =-370, p = 0.037). In addition, a positive significant correlation coefficient (r = 0.645, p = 0.001) was found between HbA1c and total cholesterol among the patients' group. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that there is a negative relationship between aromatase activity and insulin levels. Aromatase and LRH 1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of GDM, and the use of LRH-1 agonists in treating the disease may be considered an alternative treatment in the future. However, additional studies are required to reveal the possible functions of these two proteins in GDM with their mechanisms. © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.
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    Distribution of clinical Candida species and their susceptibility to antifungal agents
    (Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2021) Tumer, Seray; Bayraktar, Mehmet; Ozturk, Ali
    Background: The incidence of fungal infections, especially by Candida species, has increased in recent years. This study was designed to isolate and identify Candida species from various clinical samples, and to examine their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Methods: A total of 175 Candida species were isolated from different clinical samples, and were identified using germ tube test, Cornmeal agar, and API C 20 AUX and VITEK 2 Compact Systems. Antifungal susceptibility of these isolates was determined using ATB Fungus 3 strip and VITEK 2 antifungal susceptibility cards. The results of these two methods were comparatively assessed. Results: A total of 175 Candida strains were isolated from 114 (65.1%) urine, 42 (24%) blood, eight (4.6%) sputum, seven (4%) endotracheal, and four (2.3%) wound samples. Of isolated Candida species, 102 (58.2%) were Candida albicans, 31 (17.6%) Candida tropicalis, 17 (9.6%) Candida parapsilosis, 13 (7.4%) Candida glabrata, three (1.8%) Candida kefyr, three (1.8%) Candida krusei, two (1.2%) Candida lusitaniae, and one (0.6%) Candida famata. By VITEK 2 antifungal susceptibility cards, the overall resistance rates were 0.6% to each of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine, and 1.8% to fluconazole. In ATB Fungus 3 strip, the resistance (1.8%) was observed only to fulconazole. All isolates were uniformly susceptible to voriconazole in both methods. Conclusion: Valuable information and data on distribution and susceptibility of Candida strains were obtained. These data may be valuable from epidemiological point of view as well as for proper and optimal therapy of Candida infections in our region (Sanliurfa, Turkey). Copyright (C) 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Investigation of Cytokines, Biochemical Parameters and Oxidative Stress Levels in Serum of Patients with Acute Pancreatitis
    (2024) Bayraktar, Nihayet; Aslan, Oruç; Uyanıkoğlu, Ahmet; Öztürk, Ali; Bayraktar, Mehmet; Erdoğdu, Hamza
    Objective: This study aimed to find new serum biochemistry parameters, especially for the early identification of severe AP. In the study serum cytokine levels (TNF-A, IL-1, IL-6, IL-10, IL-21), biochemical parameters (Aquaporin-1, Hepcidine, Iron, Zinc, Copper, Nitric Oxide, C-Reactive protein), and oxidative stress parameters analysis were performed. Method: A total of 46 patients with AP and 46 healthy controls were included in this study. Serum cytokine levels, biochemical, and oxidative stress parameters by the ELISA method, and CRP by the immunoturbidimetric method were measured. Results: When patients with AP and control groups were compared, all studied parameters were found to be statistically significant (p<0.05). However, IL-1 was found to be insignificant (p>0.05). Therefore, the Mann-Whitney U test, which is a non-parametric test, was found suitable to determine whether there was a significant difference between the patient and control groups. Conclusions: Investigating the role of cytokines, oxidative stress and other biochemical parameters in the pathogenesis and course of the disease may contribute to a better understanding of the disease process and its therapeutic value. It showed a significant increase in oxidative stress parameters and biochemical parameters such as aquaporin-1, hepcidin, lipase, and amylase, which may help in the diagnosis of AP.
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    Investigation of the Frequency of Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia intestinalis in Patients with Suppressed Immune System
    (2022) Bayraktar, Mehmet; Cömert, Medine; Öztürk, Ali
    Objective: Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp. are important agents causing diarrhea in developing and developed countries. If untreated, these agents may cause severe life-threatening diarrhea, especially in immunocompromised people and children. This study aimed to investigate the frequency of Cryptosporidium spp. and G. intestinalis in the stool samples of immunocompromised patients who applied to Harran University Research and Application Hospital. Methods: This study was carried out with a total of 100 patients with immunosuppression and diarrhea who were admitted to our hospital between January 2017 and January 2019. Cryptosporidium spp. and G. intestinalis antigens were investigated in stool samples of the patients by immunochromatographic (IC) method and oocyst, and cyst-trophozoite were examined with Native-Lugol and Kinyoun acid-fast staining. Results: G. intestinalis was detected in eight (8%) patients. Seven of them (14%) were pediatric patients (n=50) and one (2%) was an adult female patient (n=50). Cryptosporidium spp. was detected in 3 (3%) patients. Of these, two (4%) were children patients and one (2%) was an adult female patient. Our results also demonstrated that both Cryptosporidium and Giardia were more found in immunocompromised patients, especially in pediatric ones (4% and 14% respectively). Conclusion: Although the cost of the IC method, which detects antigens in stool samples is high, it is easy to work with, provides early results and it also helps to overcome the difficulties in active diagnostic methods. Despite the limited number of investigated samples, our findings showed that the incidence of infections from these two parasites is higher than in other studies conducted in Turkey or European countries.