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A Comparative Study for Separation, Preconcentration and Determination of Tartrazine (E 102) in Soft Drink Samples by Two Kinds of Amberlite Resins
(SPRINGER, 2015) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner; Ucan, Mustafa; Narin, Ibrahim; Soylak, Mustafa
Separation, preconcentration, and spectrophotometric determination of tartrazine (E 102) was performed by solid-phase extraction methods with using spectrophotometry. For this purpose, Amberlite XAD-1180 and Amberlite XAD-16 resins and mini-chromatographic column were used. All absorbance measurements of the dye were determined at 427 nm. Analytical parameters including pH, sample and eluent flow rates, eluent type, ionic strength, sample volume, and adsorption isotherms were investigated and optimized. Under optimum condition interference effect of main cations, some anions and widely used dyes were examined. Detection limits of the proposed methods were determined as 5.7 and 1.2 mu g L-1 for XAD-1180 and XAD-16 resins, respectively. Linear dynamic ranges of the methods were found between 0.4-30 and 0.4-12 mu g mL(-1) of tartrazine for XAD-1180 and XAD-16 resins, respectively. The preconcentration factors were found as 60 and 80 for XAD-1180 and XAD-16 columns, respectively. Relative standard deviations were lower than 7 % throughout all experiments for two methods. Developed methods were validated and checked with determination of tartrazine levels in soft drink samples by addition of analyte. The comparisons of the methods were performed by the analysis of tartrazine contents of food samples. Tartrazine concentrations, investigated solid samples, ranged between 146 and 391 mu g/g. Tartrazine content of liquid sample was found as 7.4 and 7.3 mu g/mL for X1180 and X16 methods, respectively. The results suggest that the methods are suitable for the determination of tartrazine. Very accurate results were obtained for spiked values of the tartrazine into the food samples. In addition to accuracy, the method is simple, environmental friendly, and economical for the determination of tartrazine level in food samples. In addition of analytical parameters, adsorption and isotherm studies were performed for two kinds of Amberlite resins. It was observed that the methods fitted the linear form of Freundlich isotherm model.
Comparison of Column Solid-Phase Extraction Procedures for Spectrophotometric Determination of E129 (Allura Red) in Foodstuff, Pharmaceutical, and Energy Drink Samples
(AOAC INT, 2015) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner; Ucan, Mustafa; Narin, Ibrahim
Two novel spectrophotometric determination procedures based on retention of Allura Red onto Amberlite XAD-1180 and XAD-16 resins for its preconcentration, purification, and separation were developed. Analytical parameters of the methods including pH, eluent type, sample volume, and sample and eluent flow rates, were investigated and optimized. Interference effects of some cations, anions, and widely used food dyes were also investigated. Detection limits of the two methods were found to be 1.2 and 1.5 mu g/L for XAD-1180 and XAD-16 columns, respectively, under optimum conditions. Linear calibration curve ranges of the methods were 0.4-8.0 and 0.5-6.0 mu g/mL of Altura Red for XAD-1180 and XAD-16 resins, respectively. Preconcentration factors were found as 80 for both the XAD-1180 and XAD-16 columns using maximum sample volume and minimum eluent volume. RSDs of the methods were below 6% throughout all experiments. All absorbance measurements were performed at 506 nm. Validations of the methods were performed comparatively with determination of the Allura Red contents of some foodstuff, pharmaceutical, and energy drink samples. Allura Red concentrations in investigated solid and liquid samples ranged from 298 to 501 mu g/g and 53.8 to 508 mu g/mL, respectively. Satisfactory results were obtained from the real samples analysis. Allura Red contents of samples were determined to be highly similar using the two extraction methods. Comparisons of the methods were performed by analysis of Allura Red contents of the real samples. In addition to analytical parameters, adsorption isotherm studies were performed for the two kinds of Amberlite resins. It was observed that developed methods fit the linear form of the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model. All of the experimental results suggested that the developed SPE procedures are suitable for separation, preconcentration, and determination of Allura Red in solid and liquid matrixes.
Effective and selective Type V deep eutectic solvent based microextraction of E127 in foodstuffs and drugs
(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2024) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
The effective and selective deep eutectic solvent (DES) based microextraction method was developed for the first time, using new generation Type V DES for the separation and determination of E127 (erythrosine) in foodstuffs and drugs. Dicyclohexylamine and diphenylamine were mixed at 1:5 mol ratio to create the DES. The essential parameters (pH, DES volume and vortex time) were optimized using Box-Behnken Design of Response Surface Methodology. The quadratic microextraction approach was favorable chemometric model design (R2=0.9945) for the method. The limits of detection and quantitation were determined to be 23 and 78 mu g/L, respectively. E127 was enriched to be thirty-fold at the optimum conditions. The concentrations of E127, ranging between 0.078 and 4.0 mu g/mL, were linearly determined using the equation A=62.114 C+3.8 (R2=0.9989). The interference effect of ions and dyes was investigated in detail. The relative standard deviation was lower than 6 % throughout the experiments. Analyte addition-recovery tests were applied to the real samples for determination of their E127 concentrations. The method was validated by calculating microextraction recoveries obtained from spiked tests. E127 contents of foodstuffs and drugs were determined between 8.8 and 42.4 mu g/g, with recovery values ranging from 94 % to 102 %. AGREEmethod and AGREEprep tools were used to define environmentally friendly index of the method.
Generation of a pH-blind/pH-sensitive alternating surface on a hydrophobic resin by mussel-inspired chemistry and investigating the effect of surface modification on the adsorption dynamics of some anionic colorants
(Springer, 2021) Gezici, Orhan; Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
The effect of a surface modification process known as mussel-inspired modification on the adsorption dynamics of hydrophobic adsorbent, namely XAD1180, was studied based on equilibrium adsorption data. In the study, three anionic colorants (i.e., Sunset yellow, SY; Allura red, AR; and Tartrazine, TZ) were used as the model compounds. The role of some experimental parameters, such as pH (4-7), ionic strength (0.01-0.50 mM) and colorant concentration (25-125 mg/L), were investigated to determine optimal conditions leading to the highest adsorption. Equilibrium adsorption data were obtained under optimal conditions by stepwise frontal analysis method (SFA) and modeled on the basis of some common adsorption isotherm models (i.e., Langmuir and Freundlich). The adsorption dynamics of the XAD1180 resin have been found to vary significantly after PD coating. After the PD coating process, it was found that the highly hydrophobic background material, XAD1180, gained a pH-sensitive character, thereby replacing a sharp decrease in the adsorption capacity at pH=5.0-7.0 with an increase in pH=4.0. Another dramatic effect of the PD coating was observed with Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacities, so that the PD layer was found to increase the monolayer saturation capacity of the XAD1180 (from 8.0 to 17 mu mol/g for SY, from 7.7 to 9.9 mu mol/g for AR, and from 5.3 to 9.1 mu mol/g for TZ). It was also deduced from the Freundlich isotherm parameter, K-F, that there was, in general, a clear increment in the overall effect of adsorption capacity and the average affinity after mussel-inspired surface modification process.
Green DES based microextraction method for monitoring brilliant black BN (E151) in diverse food matrices
(Elsevier, 2024) Babur, Elif; Altunay, Nail; Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
A green deep eutectic solvent (DES) based microextraction method was established for separation and spectrophotometric determination of E151 in food matrices. DES composed of tetra pentyl ammonium bromide and 1-octanol (1:5) was used. Important analytical microextraction parameters including pH, volume of DES and time of vortex mixing were optimized using Box-Behnken design of Response Surface Methodology. The other variables including composition ratio of DES and sample volume were optimized by one variable at a time optimization process. The method exhibited linear behaviour for E151 having concentration range between 132-12000 mu g/L with 30 preconcentration factor. The relative standard deviation, detection limit and quantitation limit were determined to be 5 %, 40 and 132 mu g/L, respectively. The scores of analytical greenness and applicability for the method were determined to be 0.69 and 62.5, respectively. pK values of E151 were determined. Extraction mechanisms of E151 were elucidated. The method was applied to foodstuffs and water samples to determine their E151 contents by analyte addition recovery tests with recovery values ranging between 94-103 %.
Ion-pair solvent-based liquid-liquid microextraction and spectrophotometric determination of E102, E110, E124, E129 and E133 in confectioneries and beverages
(Springer, 2023) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
In the present study, a new ion-pair solvent including tetra-n-butyl-ammonium iodide and 1-pentanol was prepared for the first time and it was used for microextraction and UV-Vis spectrophotometric determination of tartrazine (E102), sunset yellow (E110), ponceau 4r (E124), allura red (E129) and brilliant blue (E133). Analytical parameters of the procedure such as pH, concentration of ion-pair solvent and its volume, times of vortex and centrifugation were optimized. Interference effect of matrix ions and dyes were investigated after optimization of the parameters. Limits of detection between 24 and 82 mu g L-1 and limits of quantification in the range of 80-275 mu g L-1 were determined for the examined dyes. Preconcentration factor was obtained as 15 for each of the dyes. Relative standard deviations were found between 3.2 and 6.1%. Linear dynamic ranges were obtained between 0.28 and 20 mu g mL(-1) for the determined dyes. Procedure was applied to various food samples including energy drinks, powdered juice samples, syrups and candies. Analyte addition-recovery studies were also performed both for validation of procedure and determination of dye concentrations in the real samples. Food dye contents of real samples were determined between 5.9 and 52.4 mu g mL(-1) for liquid samples and 6.2 and 135.2 mu g g(-1) for solid samples with satisfactory recovery results ranging from 93 to 103%. Finally, the greenness of the developed procedure was assessed using two tools, the Green Analytical Procedure Index and Analytical Eco-Scale.
Micelle Mediated Extraction and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination of Trace Amounts of Copper in Different Mushroom Species
(Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2020) Camci, Yeliz; Bisgin, Abdullah Taner; Surme, Yavuz; Ucan, Mustafa; Narin, Ibrahim
A micelle mediated separation and preconcentration method for flame atomic absorption spectrophotometric (FAAS) determination of Cu was developed. The method is based on complex formation between Cu and 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol and cloud point extraction with Tergitol NP-7 surfactant prior to FAAS determination. The parameters affecting quantitative extraction of copper, including pH, surfactant and ligand concentrations, incubation time and temperature, were examined and optimized. Under optimum conditions, interference effects of other ions were studied, and tolerance ratios of interference ions were given. Under the optimal conditions, detection and quantitation limits were found as 3 and 8 mu g/L, respectively. Linear dynamic range for Cu(2+)was determined to be 0.13-1.5 mu g/mL. Relative standard deviations were below 6% throughout the experiments. Enhancement factor was determined as 25. Applicability of the method was proved by analysis of standard reference materials. The developed method was applied to determine trace copper contents in different mushroom species.
Modelling the kinetics of direct Cu(II) adsorption on two porous resins modified with mussel-inspired chemistry
(Springer, 2022) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner; Gezici, Orhan
Two synthetic resins (i.e. Dowex Optipore V493 (DOV493) and XAD7) were subjected to a physical surface modification with mussel-inspired chemistry. Kinetics of direct Cu(II) adsorption were studied and the experimental data were modeled according to some adsorption kinetic models. The studied kinetic models suggested (i) diffusion-controlled and (ii) adsorption-controlled mechanisms for the direct adsorption of Cu(II) on PD-DOV493 and PD-XAD7, respectively. Regardless of the rate-limiting step, the studied two polymeric resins (i.e. DOV493 and XAD7) could be converted to new forms capable of binding Cu(II), which in their original form is impossible. Equilibrium adsorption capacities around 70 mu g/g and 500 mu g/g were determined to be accessible for PD-DOV493 and PD-XAD7, respectively, at relatively low initial Cu(II) concentrations (i.e. similar to 1-3 ppm). It is believed that the obtained results will be useful for understanding the nature of heavy metal adsorption kinetics on PD-coated porous polymeric resins.
Selective and invisible separation and determination of Rhodamine B in diverse industrial samples using aqueous biphasic switchable hydrophilicity solvent-like based microextraction method
(Elsevier, 2024) Kacanbure, Damla; Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
An effective and selective aqueous biphasic switchable hydrophilicity solvent-like based microextraction method (ABSHS-ME) combined with UV-vis spectrophotometry was established for the first time to monitor Rhodamine B (RhB) at 550 nm in soaps, lipsticks, anti-freezes and match tips. RhB was extracted firstly as its invisible form into immiscible hydrophobic phase and then converted to its UV-vis active form using acidified ethanol. The essential extraction parameters (pH, SHS volume, and vortex time) were optimized by Box-Behnken Design of Response Surface Methodology. Quadratic model with R2 = 0.9893 was found as favourable chemometric design for ABSHS-ME method. Preconcentration factor was obtained to be 25. Effect of matrix ions and dyes were examined in detail. 7 and 24 mu g/L of Rhb were determined for limit of detection and limit of quantitation, respectively. RhB was determined linearly between 24 and 2500 mu g/L. Relative standard deviations were lower than 7 %. ABSHS-ME method was validated determining the RhB concentrations of industrial samples with analyte addition-recovery tests. RhB contents of the real samples analyzed were found between 0.26-1.07 mu g/g and 1.53-4.73 mu g/mL with recovery values ranging from 95 to 101 %. The environmentally friendly index of the method was evaluated using the new generation AGREE tool.
Selective separation and determination strategy for monitoring E100, E127, E129 and E133 in foodstuffs: Vortex assisted sequential-simultaneous liquid phase micro-extraction
(Elsevier, 2024) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
A green, speedy and handy, vortex assisted sequential-simultaneous liquid phase micro-extraction procedure (VA-SS-LPME) was established first time without using any instrumental chromatographic techniques for sepa-ration, preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of four important popularly and widely used food colorants, namely curcumin (E100), erythrosine (E127), allura red (E129) and brilliant blue (E133). Here, n-nonanol and n-nonanol based deep eutectic solvent were used as extraction solvents. The procedure has included two simultaneous and sequential separation steps by different extractants and two simultaneous UV-vis spectrophotometric determination steps. First, simultaneous separation of E100 and E127 from aqueous solution containing E129 and E133 was achieved and then simultaneous separation of E129 and E133 from aqueous solutions was applied and simultaneous spectrophotometric determinations were performed finally for binary mixture dyes (E100 and E127) and (E129 and E133). The parameters including pH, types and amounts of extractants, vortex time and rate, centrifugation time and rate were investigated in detail for sequential two steps separation and quantitative simultaneous extraction of the dyes. Interference effect of matrix ions, target and other dyes were examined. Possible envisaged extraction mechanisms were elucidated. Green analytical pro-cedure index (GAPI) and analytical eco-scale (AES) parameters of the procedure were determined. As last, E100, E127, E129 and E133 contents of some foodstuffs and pharmaceuticals such as confectioneries, beverages, drugs and syrups were determined by applying optimized procedure. Colourful food additive concentrations of real samples were determined between 2.9 and 93.8 mu g/g and 5.3-112.4 mu g/mL for solid and liquid samples, respectively.
Simultaneous deep eutectic solvent based microextraction for monitoring Brilliant blue and rhodamine B in foodstuff and industrial samples
(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2024) Namli, Hakan; Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
Brilliant blue (Bb) (legal food dye) and rhodamine b (Rb) (illegal food dye) are artificial dyes used in different industries such as food and cosmetic. Due to their toxic effects on humans, extreme exposure to these food additives can lead to health problems. Simultaneous deep eutectic solvent based (DES) microextraction method was developed first time for spectrophotometric determination of Bb and Rb. DES composed of 1-heptanol and tetra butyl ammonium bromide (TBAB) was synthesized and then used for simultaneous microextraction of Bb and Rb. Effects of pH, composition ratio and volume of DES, time of vortex mixing, centrifugation time and rate, sample volume and matrix components were investigated to achieve quantitative simultaneous microextraction of the dyes. The detection limits 20 and 13 mu g/L, linear dynamic ranges between 0.068-4.5 and 0.042-3 mu g/mL and 40 preconcentration factors were obtained for Bb and Rb, respectively. Bb and Rb contents of commercially available industrial samples were determined between 3.85-6.28 mu g/mL and 1.05-23.50 mu g/g for liquid and solid samples, respectively. Quantitative recoveries ranging from 92 to 106% were obtained in multivariable analyte addition -recovery tests. In addition to dye content determination process of real samples and method development studies, extraction mechanisms of method were elucidated for Bb and Rb. Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and score of Analytical Eco-Scale (AES) were evaluated.
Simultaneous deep eutectic solvent based microextraction of Allura Red and Brilliant Blue in violet-purple foodstuffs
(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2024) Yildirim, Mustafa; Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
A vortex-assisted simultaneous deep eutectic solvent based microextraction and spectrophotometric determination method was established for the first time to simultaneously monitor Allura Red and Brilliant Blue in violet-purple foodstuffs. A ternary deep eutectic solvent was created using benzoic acid, tetra butyl ammonium bromide and benzyl alcohol at 1:1:3 mol ratio. The method variables including pH, volume of deep eutectic solvent and vortex time were optimized by Box-Behnken design of response surface methodology. The limits of detection were determined to be 25 and 9 mu g/L for Allura Red and Brilliant Blue, respectively. The linear dynamic ranges of the method were obtained between 82 and 12,000 and 29-4200 mu g/L for Allura Red and Brilliant Blue, respectively. Preconcentration factor of the method was obtained as 15. Greenness evaluation was performed using Analytical GREEnness tools. Extraction mechanisms affecting quantitative simultaneous microextraction of the target dyes were explained. The developed method was validated with high-performance liquid chromatography analysis. Analyte addition-recovery tests were also applied to confectionery samples to validate the proposed method and determine the dye contents of foodstuffs. Allura Red and Brilliant Blue contents of violet-purple confectioneries were determined between 3.85 and 74.59 and 4.02-26.11 mu g/g concentrations with 94.5-98.6 % and 93.0-101.0 % recoveries, respectively.
SIMULTANEOUS PRECONCENTRATION AND DETERMINATION OF Cu2+, Ni2+ AND Cd2+ BY MICELLE MEDIATED EXTRACTION IN FOOD AND WATER SAMPLES
(SOC CHILENA QUIMICA, 2016) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner; Surme, Yavuz; Ucan, Mustafa; Narin, Ibrahim
An effective extraction procedure based on the complexation of Cu2+, Cd2+, and Ni2+ with dithizone and extraction of these complexes by Tergitol NP-7 surfactant was developed. Micelle mediated extraction parameters such as pH, ligand and surfactant concentration, incubation time and temperature were investigated and optimized. Effects of external and internal interfering ions, linear dynamic range, detection and quantitation limits were examined and determined under optimal conditions. Detection limits were found as 0.5, 1.8 and 2.0 mg L-1 for Cu2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+, respectively. Linear dynamic range values were between 0.125-2, 0.125-2.5 and 0.05-1.4 mu g mL(-1) for Cu2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+ ions, respectively. Applicability, accuracy and precision of the method were checked with standard reference materials and real sample analyses by analyte addition technique. Finally, optimized method was applied to determine Cu2+, Ni2+ and Cd2+ contents of standard reference materials, mushrooms and water samples. Quantitative and accurate results were obtained from the analysis of standard reference materials and real samples.
Simultaneous Preconcentration and Determination of Rhodamine B and Brilliant Blue
(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2020) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner; Surme, Yavuz; Ucan, Mustafa; Narin, Ibrahim
A simultaneous solid-phase preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination method based on adsorption of rhodamine B (RB) and Brilliant Blue FCF (BB) synthetic dyes onto Chromosorb 108 resin was developed. Solution pH, sample, eluent flow rates and eluent type were optimized. RB and BB concentrations were determined at 556 and 630 nm, respectively. Matrix effects of interference components were examined. Preconcentration factors and detection limits of the dyes were calculated. Adsorption isotherms of method, surface micrographs and pH(zpc) of resin experiments were performed. Limit of detections of the method were determined 0.22 and 0.31 mu g L-1 for RB and BB, respectively. The method was successfully applied to determine RB and BB in industrial, foodstuff, cosmetics and environmental water samples. RB contents were found between 2.11 and 5.89 mu g mL(-1) for liquid samples and 17.55 and 370 mu g g(-1) for solid samples. BB concentrations in investigated solid samples were between 3.00 and 53.38 mu g g(-1). BB contents of liquid samples were determined between 1.57 and 9.66 mu g mL(-1). In order to test applicability of the method, analyte addition/recovery technique was also used. Quantitative recovery values ranging from 95 to 103% were obtained from the analyte addition/recovery tests.
Simultaneous Preconcentration and Spectrophotometric Determination of Two Colorants (E110 and E133) in Some Foodstuffs Using a New Mussel-Inspired Adsorbent
(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2021) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner; Nalvuran, Zeynep; Gezici, Orhan
Background: A naturally occurring material, namely sporopollenin (SP), was subjected to an easy physical surface modification process called a polydopamine coating. The treatment changed the acid-base properties of the surface, so that in the new form the SP surface gained a very attractive character for anionic dyes. Objective: The aim of the study was to develop preconcentration and subsequent spectrophotometric determination methods for two anionic colorants, brilliant blue (BB) and sunset yellow (SY), using polydopamine-coated (PDC) SP. Method: The experiments were carried out in a column system, and the effects of experimental parameters were studied to determine optimal conditions for the quantitative, simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of the dyes. Results: The dyes could be detected at mu g/L levels in their binary mixtures, so the detection limits were found to be 1.5 and 4.3 mu g/L in the linear dynamic ranges of 0.0-3.5 and 0-8 mu g/mL for BB and SY, respectively. The proposed material and procedure led to quantitative recoveries of between 95 and 100% for the dyes. Conclusions: The procedure was applied to real food samples containing BB and SY and both dyes were successfully determined in liquid and solid foodstuffs. The mussel-inspired surface modification is proposed as a useful process to modify the surface of SP. Highlights: The mussel-inspired polydopamine dip-coating method was adopted to modify the surface of SP for the first time. The PDCSP was successfully used to create a new adsorptive preconcentration method for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of BB and SY in foodstuffs.
Simultaneous spectrophotometric determination and column solid-phase extraction of two Lanaset textile dyes in environmental water samples
(ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC, 2016) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner; Surme, Yavuz; Ucan, Mustafa; Narin, Ibrahim
A solid-phase extraction method, based on the adsorption onto Diaion HP-20 resin, was developed for simultaneous spectrophotometric determination of Lanaset Blue 2R and Lanaset Yellow 28 dyes which are most together hazardous textile dyes in wastewater. Concentrations of the dyes were determined using UV-visible spectrophotometer at 625 and 438 nm for LB-2R and LY-28, respectively. The developed method was also applied to water samples. In dying process water, 572 +/- 15 mu g/mL and 396 +/- 6 mu g/mL of LB-2R and LY-28 dyes were determined. In addition, adsorption isotherms of the method, point of zero charge and surface micrographs of the resin were investigated. (C) 2016 The Korean Society of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Simultaneous Spectrophotometric Determination of Brilliant Blue and Tartrazine in Diverse Sample Matrices after Solid Phase Extraction
(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2020) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
Background: Brilliant blue (BB) and tartrazine (TZ) are manufactured from petroleum and its products. These are the most popular consumed food dyes and are widely used in foodstuffs. Therefore, overuse of these dyes in foodstuffs and consumption of excessive amounts of these dyes can lead to health problems in humans. Methods: A column solid-phase separation extraction method combined with UV-Vis spectrophotometry was preferred and developed for single and simultaneous determination of BB and TZ dyes. Methods: A column solid-phase separation extraction method combined with UV-Vis spectrophotometry was preferred and developed for single and simultaneous determination of BB and TZ dyes. Results: The preconcentration factor was obtained as 80. Relative standard deviations were below than 4%. Detection limits of the method were determined as 0.29 and 1.21 mu g/L for BB and TZ, respectively. Recovery values were obtained between 95-99% and 96-100% for BB and TZ, respectively. 10.9-235.7 mu g/g and 1.7-8.0 mu g/mL of BB contents of real samples were determined for solid and liquid samples, respectively. TZ concentrations of solid and liquid samples were ranged between 18.7-220.7 mu g/g and 5.9-7.5 mu g/mL, respectively. Conclusions: Quantitative extraction results and satisfactory recovery values showed that method was successful and applicable for determination of BB and TZ concentrations in real pharmaceutical, industrial, and foodstuff samples. Highlights: The method has exhibited a high preconcentration factor and effective separation against to matrix ions. The method did not need an experienced operator with high operation experience. Elution solvent can be chosen according to the availability of the chemicals in the laboratory and cheapness of the chemicals.
Single and Simultaneous Solid-Phase Extraction and UV-Vis Determination for Monitoring E129, E133 and E110 in Foodstuffs
(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2021) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
A column solid-phase extraction method based on adsorption of allura red (AR), brilliant blue (BB) and sunset yellow (SY) onto Dowex Optipore V493 adsorbent was developed for single and simultaneous preconcentration and spectrophotometric determination of AR, BB and SY. Effects of extraction parameters including pH, sample and eluent flow rates, amount of adsorbent, eluent type and volume, ionic strength and sample volume, etc., were investigated and optimized. At the optimum conditions, detection limits of the method were determined to be 0.55, 0.20 and 0.58 mu g L(-1)for AR, BB and SY, respectively. Dynamic ranges were linear between 0.055-6.0 mu g mL(-1)for AR, 0.020-4.2 mu g mL(-1)for BB and 0.058-10.0 mu g mL(-1)for SY. Preconcentration factor was determined to be 100. Relative standard deviations were below than 4%. In addition, adsorption isotherms with related to retentions of AR, BB and SY on the resin were investigated. Finally, recommended procedure was applied to foodstuff samples containing AR, BB and SY dyes. AR contents of real samples were determined between 20.40-27.21 mu g/mL and 6.85-21.25 mu g/g for liquid and solid samples, respectively. BB concentrations of real samples were determined between 5.06-43.30 mu g/mL and 3.15-10.05 mu g/g for liquid and solid samples, respectively. SY contents of liquid and solid samples were determined between 3.04-29.67 mu g/mL and 18.55-121.46 mu g/g, respectively. In order to prove applicability of the method, analyte addition technique was performed. Satisfactorily quantitative recovery results were obtained between 95 and 102%.
Surfactant-Assisted Emulsification and Surfactant-Based Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Method for Determination of Cu(II) in Food and Water Samples by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry
(Oxford Univ Press Inc, 2019) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
Background: Copper (Cu) is an essential metal for humans at certain concentrations. However, it can be toxic at higher concentrations. Therefore, determination of Cu content of foodstuff is important. Objective: The aim of the study was to develop a simple, economical, and environmentally friendly surfactant-mediated extraction method for the determination of Cu using surfactants and flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). Methods: A nonionic surfactant-assisted emulsification and surfactant-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method was developed for the separation, preconcentration, and determination of Cu by FAAS. Triton X-15 nonionic surfactant, which is insoluble in water, was used as an extractive agent. Triton X-114 (TX-114) nonionic water-soluble surfactant was used as a disperser solvent. Dithizone was used as a complexing agent for complexation of Cu(II) at pH 4. Results: The detection and quantitation limits of the method were determined as 1.61 and 3.82 mu g/L, respectively. The preconcentration factor was obtained as 50. Relative SD based on 10 replicates was obtained as 3.7%. Accuracy of the developed method was proved using certified standard reference materials. Cu(II) content of edible mushroom samples was determined between 12 and 19 mu g/g. Recoveries were obtained between 96 and 101%. Conclusions: The developed surfactant-assisted emulsification and surfactant-based dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction method has represented the wide linear ranges, low detection limit, and high preconcentration factor for Cu ions. Highlights: TX-114 surfactant was used as both sticking agent and disperser solvent. The method does not require expert personnel and high operational costs. The method is environmentally friendly because mainly surfactants and low-toxicity organic solvents are used in the recommended procedure.
The novel extraordinary separation and preconcentration approach for Cd2+: Hydrophobic Immiscible Chelating Fluid based micro-extraction
(Elsevier, 2023) Bisgin, Abdullah Taner
The novel, extraordinary and highly selective separation and preconcentration approach based on hydrophobic immiscible chelating fluid (HICF) having superior features (simultaneous chelation, extraction and masking) and combined with automatized syringe discharge system by peristaltic pump was established firstly for simulta-neous chelation and micro-extraction of Cd2+. Mixture of tetra butyl ammonium iodide, tetra butyl ammonium fluoride, n-pentanol (1:1:10) and dithizone were used to formulate HICF. The parameters including pH, chelator concentration on both characteristic of HICF and extraction of Cd2+, time of vortex mixing, amount of HICF and sample volume were optimized and investigated in detail. The optimized method has permitted to obtain 25 preconcentration factor (PF) and detect the lowest cadmium concentration having 2.1 & mu;g L-1 (LOD) in the aqueous solution. Interference effect of defiant metal cations was investigated in detail. The dynamic range of the method (LDR) was obtained linearly between 7.2 and 1500 & mu;g L-1. Relative standard deviations (% RSD) were below than % 4.2 throughout the experiments. The envisaged possible extraction mechanisms were explained. The proposed novel method was validated with applications of multiple analyte-addition recovery tests in water samples (tap, lake and natural spring water) and analysis of standard reference material (UME EnvCRM 03 El-ements in Soil). Quantitative satisfactory recovery values changing between 98 and 106 % were obtained. Validated method was also applied to determine Cd contents of sediment, mushroom and raw tobacco samples. The main advantage of HICF is that it contains masking and chelating agents and extraction solvent in only one liquid. Therefore, possible concentration and volume errors were minimized by single micropipette injection that ensured time saving and simplicity for applicability of the method by the analysts. Moreover, automated syringe discharge system has provided repeatable and precision extraction results.

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