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    An assessment of deterioration in cultural heritage: the unique case of Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument in Konya, Turkey
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2020) Bozdag, Ali; Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ayla; Hatir, M. Ergun; Tosunlar, M. Bahadir; Korkanc, Mustafa
    Stone monuments are important symbols of cultural heritage of countries. However, many environmental factors negatively affect these monuments. The increasing damage on the stone monuments and the danger of irreversible loss of cultural heritage have resulted in growing efforts for the preservation of the monuments. Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument in Beysehir, Konya, Turkey, is a unique Hittite cultural monument that has survived for nearly 3200 years even though it has been exposed to many environmental effects. In this study, non-destructive testing (NDT) was used to detect the degradation on the building stones of the Eflatunpinar Hittite Water Monument and change-deterioration maps were prepared subsequently. It was also investigated whether the chemistry of the Eflatunpinar spring water may cause deterioration. Additionally, the petrographic, chemical, and physico-mechanical properties of the rocks taken from the ancient stone quarry were determined in order to compare with the properties of the monument's building stones. Based on the physico-chemical characteristics of the Eflatunpinar spring water and XRD results of crusts in building stone surface of the monument, it was identified that water can be effective on the formation of calcite and gypsum crusts especially in the lower parts of the monument. However, applied NDT methods and change-deterioration maps indicated that the deterioration as well as neglect and abandonment in the monument are mostly associated with the capillary effect of the flowing water through the structure and the deterioration effect is more apparent in contact points between the building stone and the flowing water. Additionally, in the building stones above the capillary front, the conservation condition is significantly better.
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    Leeb Hardness Approach in the Determination of Strength after Accelerated Weathering Tests
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2024) Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ali; Korkanc, Mustafa
    This study aimed to investigate the usability of the Leeb hardness test in determining changes in strength as a result of atmospheric weathering in works of cultural heritage built with low-strength pyroclastic rocks. To this end, the effects of weathering processes on strength properties were investigated in two building stones commonly used in Ni & gbreve;de province located in the Cappadocia (Turkey) region, which contains the most important works of cultural heritage created using low-strength pyroclastic rocks. The index, strength, mineralogical, and petrographic properties of rocks were first investigated. Then, freeze-thaw (F-T) and salt crystallization (SC) tests, the weathering processes of which consisted of six periods, were performed on samples prepared in cubic form. After the F-T and SC processes, the macro change in the samples and changes in weight loss, uniaxial compressive strength (UCS), and Leeb hardness (HL) values were determined. Highly correlated linear relationships were obtained between the SC and F-T cycles of the samples and the UCS and HL values. The HL test was applied to samples for which the UCS test could not be applied due to the loss of sample integrity after the advancing cycles of the accelerated weathering tests. Linear relationships with high correlation were determined between the UCS and HL values obtained from the samples after the accelerated weathering test. This study revealed that the HL approach could be used as an alternative in modeling the strength parameters of the weathering processes of the structures of cultural heritage built using low-strength rocks.
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    The Determination of Deteriorations on The Misirlioglu Bridge (Konya, Turkey) by Non-Destructive Techniques (NDT)
    (Selcuk Univ, 2018) Tosunlar, Mehmet Bahadir; Hatir, Mehmet Ergun; Ince, Ismail; Bozdag, Ali; Korkanc, Mustafa
    Transportation has been one of the basic requirements of humanity since the earliest periods of civilization. One of the architectural structures designed to meet this requirement is historic stone bridges. One of the most important stages in these conservation works is the assessment of materials that constitute the structures. Non-destructive testing techniques (NDT) are widely used to obtain qualitative data and also make comparisons. In this study, it was aimed to determine deteriorations on the Misirlioglu Bridge located in Sille settlement of Konya by NDT technique and to form the map from obtained values to perform conservation works. As a result of the analyses performed, considerable deteriorations in the building stones used in the abutments and arches of the structure were determined. Besides, it is detected that uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) value of the fresh samples is high (UCS: 61 MPa) while UCS values of the building stones used at the bridge decrease in the range of low and high (8-51 MPa) due to the atmospheric effects.