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Öğe Allozyme variation in bank vole, Myodes glareolus (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Northern Anatolia(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2013) Colak, Reyhan; Kandemir, Irfan; Karacan, Gul Olgun; Kankilic, Teoman; Colak, Ercument; Yigit, Nuri; Ozkurt, Sakir OnderA total of 94 specimens from 16 populations of Myodes glareolus, collected between 2004 and 2007, from different altitudinal distributions were analyzed, using 16 enzyme systems. We found that 10 out of 22 loci (Idh-2, alpha-Gpdh, Me, Pgm, Pgd, Mdh-s, Ada, Est-1, Ldh-1, and Ldh-2) were polymorphic. Group 1 included population from altitudes ranging from 27 to 605 m above sea level (ASL), and Group 2 were from altitudes ranging from 1003 to 1288 m ASL. The summaries of the genetic parameters also displayed differences between the 2 groups. The possible reasons of such fragmentation between M. glareolus populations were discussed. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Allozyme variations in Anatolian populations and cytotypes of the blind mole rats (Nannospalax)(PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2015) Kankilic, Teoman; Kankilic, Tolga; Sozen, Mustafa; Colak, ErcumentEnzymatic proteins encoded by 28 putative loci in 326 samples of 12 mol rat cytotypes collected from 97 localities in Anatolia were investigated by standard horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. A total of 61 alleles were determined for 28 isozyme loci and 23 of the 28 were polymorphic. Eight of the 23 polymorphic loci were agreeable to the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. It was determined that deviations from the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in the examined populations were due to a heterozygote deficiency. It was revealed by allozyme analyses that mole rat populations in Anatolia have formed 4 cytotypes groups, represented by 4 species (Nannospalax xanthodon, Nannospalax ehrenbergi, N. cilicicus, and N. nehringi). Cytotypes in western Anatolia (2n = 36, 2n = 38, 2n = 40, 2n = 52) showed private alleles in different enzyme systems; therefore, these cytotypes were genetically different, both from each other and other cytotypes. Although cytotypes in central Anatolia (2n = 52S, 2n = 56, 2n = 58, and 2n = 60) contained a different diploid chromosome number, they showed identical patterns in terms of their allele content in the 28 enzymatic loci. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Allozyme Variations in the Genus Meriones (Gerbilinae: Rodentia) from Turkey(INST ZOOLOGY, BAS, 2013) Yigit, Nuri; Colak, Ercument; Saygili, Fulya; Yuce, DuyguAllozymic variability of 24 loci was compared in the genus Meriones representing 5 species in Turkey. The phylogenetic relationship of these Meriones species was established according to the variations of twelve polymorphic loci (Aid, Ldh, alpha-Gpdh, Ca-1, Ca-2, Gpi, Me, Mpi, G6pdh, Ldh-1, Sod, Ak). According to the patterns of allozyme variation, the percentage of polymorphic loci was found to be 12.5 in Meriones crassus, 16.7 in Meriones persicus, 12.5 in Meriones tristrami, 18.7 in Meriones vinogradovi and 8.3 in Meriones dahli. Interspecific genetic distances were found to be high, ranging from 0.032 to 0.332. Neighbor-joining and UPGMA dendrograms showed that M tristrami and M crassus have a high genetic similarity. The most diverged one was appeared to be M vinogradovi. It was also concluded that the genus Meriones is not monophyletic since M persicus, which belongs to a different subgenus, was placed between the clades of M tristrami, M crassus and M vinogradovi.Öğe An assessment on biometric differentiation depend on distribution of the Anatolian Jird Meriones tristrami (Mammalia: Rodentia) Subpopulations in Turkey(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2021) Yigit, Nuri; Colak, Ercument; Saygili Yigit, Fulya; Colak, Reyhan; Cetinturk, DeryaThe Anatolian Jird Meriones tristrami is a widespread rodent species in Anatolian steps. In the study, to determine the relationships between the subpopulations of species and to clarify their distributions, 233 adults samples representing Turkey under the 12 groups, according to their recorded geographical localities, were compared biometrically. For this purpose, measurements of the four external morphological and twenty-seven cranial characters of the groups were analyzed statistically. Despite the high similarity of their biometric characters due to their belonging to the same species, subpopulations were separated from each other with small differences. In the cluster tree (UPGMA), Manisa and Kastamonu subpopulations were noticeably similar with Karaman and Ankara subpopulations. Kilis and Sanliurfa subpopulations were linked to the Western and Central Anatolian groups, and these two subpopulations were observed to be close to the groups that include Malatya and Kayseri samples. Igdir subpopulation was among the Central and Western Anatolia and Southeastern Anatolia groups. The existence of these biometric relationships in the groups supports the hypothesis that the spread of this species to the west of Anatolia should have been by following a route from the north rather than the south of Central Anatolia. In addition, it is predicted that biometric differentiation between subspecies is formed by the effect of geographical features of Anatolia.Öğe Genetic differentiation of the Meriones tristrami (Mammalia: Rodentia) subpopulations in Turkey - inferring allozyme variations(TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2016) Yigit, Nuri; Saygili Yigit, Fulya; Colak, Ercument; Colak, Reyhan; Cetinturk, DeryaAllozyme variations of Tristram's jird Meriones tristrami, which is distributed in the steppe and semiarid areas of Turkey, were studied using 24 loci of 83 specimens from ten locations in Turkey. Seven loci were found to be polymorphic. According to the patterns of allozyme variation, the percentage of polymorphic loci was 12.5. F-ST was found to be 0.44, indicating high genetic variations among M. tristrami; accordingly the Nm value (0.3157) appeared quite low. The UPGMA dendrogram, based on genetic distance, showed that the populations established two very close subclusters, and supported the idea that the westernmost population connected to the northern part of the central Anatolian population. As expected, the eastern population appeared to be more divergent due to geographic distance. Our findings supported that genetic isolation among these subpopulations might be caused by geographic isolation.Öğe Genetic Diversity and Geographic Variation of Chromosomal races of Nannospalax xanthodon (Nordmann, 1840) and Nannospalax ehrenbergi (Nehring, 1898) from Turkey, Revealed by RAPD Analysis(INST ZOOLOGY, BAS, 2013) Kankilic, Teoman; Kankilic, Tolga; Sozen, Mustafa; Colak, ErcumentThe level of genetic polymorphism in chromosomal races of Nannospalax xanthodon and Nannospalax ehrenbergi was determined by applying random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) analysis. One hundred and fifty four mole rat samples belonging to two species N. xanthodon (61 populations) and N. ehrenbergi (3 populations) distributed in Anatolia were studied. Remarkable variations of diploid chromosome numbers were identified for N. xanthodon (2n=36-60). Eleven RAPD-PCR primers generated 160 polymorphic loci. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci was 92% (147 bands) for all chromosomal race implying high levels of genetic variability in N. xanthodon and N. ehrenbergi. Estimation of genetic diversity based on PCR amplification of RAPDs was high for both species. Results of RAPD- PCR observed within and among species were also connected with the peripatric mode of speciation. We determined that RAPD bands showed high diagnostic value between chromosomal races as they were very distinctive for each chromosomal race and absent from other forms. Genetic distance (1),) values between chromosomal races suggest that most populations analyzed in this study may be valid biological species.Öğe Genetic variations of Turkish bank vole, Myodes glareolus (Mammalia: Rodentia) inferred from mtDNA(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2016) Colak, Reyhan; Karacan, Gul Olgun; Kandemir, Irfan; Colak, Ercument; Kankilic, Teoman; Yigit, Nuri; Michaux, JohanThe bank vole, Myodes glareolus, lives in deciduous forests throughout the Palearctic region. In Turkey, this species is distributed only in northern Anatolia (the Black Sea region) where these forests exist. This study reveals genetic differentiation among bank vole populations based on two regions of mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome b and D-loop). Populations in northern Anatolia are divided into two genetic lineages (the "eastern" and "western Black Sea" lineages) by the Kizilirmak Valley. While the western Black Sea lineage is close to the Balkan lineage, in accordance with their geographical proximities, surprisingly, the Uludag lineage, also situated in Western Turkey appears related to the eastern Black Sea population. The divergence time analyses suggest a separation between the Balkan and Turkish groups around 0.26 Mya, whereas the split between the eastern and western Black sea lineages appeared a little bit later (0.20 Mya). Our results suggest that regional refuges existed for this species in Turkey and that small-scale habitat fragmentations led to genetic differentiations between Myodes populations.Öğe Geographical Distribution Pattern of Mitochondrial DNA Cytochrome b Diversity in Populations of Arvicola amphibius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: Rodentia) in Turkey as Determined by PCR-RFLP(INST ZOOLOGY, BAS, 2018) Seker, Perincek Seckinozan; Selvi, Engin; Kankilic, Teoman; Colak, ErcumentArvicola amphibius (Linnaeus, 1758) is a semiaquatic rodent living in and around wetland habitats covered by rich vegetation. It has a broad distribution in the Palearctic and three subspecies live in Turkey. In order to identify the geographical distribution of mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b diversity in A. amphibius populations in Turkey, the restriction fragment length polymorphism method was applied. The digestion patterns of four restriction enzymes (Alu I, Rsa I, Sau3A I and EcoR V) in 100 samples of A. amphibius from 20 localities in Turkey brought out four mtDNA lineages [Thrace (THR), central Anatolia (CA), southern Anatolia (SA) and eastern Anatolia (EA)], each having high genetic diversity. In contrast to the three lineages in THR, CA and SA, respectively, corresponding to the known subspecies A. a. cernjavskii, A. a. persicus and A. a. hintoni, separate populations constituting the fourth A. amphibius lineage in EA were determined. The results proved that the variable topography and geomorphological conglomeration process of Anatolia lead to an allopatric differentiation and had a large impact on the appearance and shaping of intraspecific genetic variations in water voles. Moreover, the existing high genetic variability in Turkish water vole populations propounds the importance of Anatolia as a potential refuge in the Pleistocene.Öğe Investigations on the Ecology of Eurasian Water Vole, Arvicola amphibius (Rodentia: Mammalia) in Ankara Province(ZOOLOGICAL SOC PAKISTAN, 2013) Yavuz, Guliz; Colak, Ercument; Kankilic, TeomanThe population dynamics of Arvicola amphibius were investigated in Ayas (Ankara, Turkey), during the period between August 2005 and July 2006. The method of capture-mark-recapture was used and 123 individuals were marked during the study. For each animal, total body length, body weight, reproductive condition, as well as features of habitat were recorded. The width of the riparian vegetation was measured by ranging from 1 to 5 m. The reproductive period lasted from March to October. In adult females, the total length varied from 306 mm to 321 mm, while in adult males, it varied from 305 mm to 326 mm, it was compared with other populations. Estimated monthly population size of the water voles ranged from 3 in January to 49 in July.Öğe Morphometric and genetic structure of the edible dormouse (Glis glis): a consequence of forest fragmentation in Turkey(WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2012) Helvaci, Zeycan; Renaud, Sabrina; Ledevin, Ronan; Adriaens, Dominique; Michaux, Johan; Colak, Reyhan; Colak, ErcumentPast climatic fluctuations influenced forest habitats and impacted heavily the distribution of forest species, such as the edible dormouse, by changing the distribution and composition of forests themselves. Such effects may be valid for ongoing climate change as well. To improve our understanding of the edible dormouse's history and how it responded to changes in its environment, we investigated its variation across the understudied zone of Northern Turkey using two complementary markers of differentiation: the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for genetics, and size and shape of the first upper molar for phenotypic differences. Genetic and morphometric results were strongly discrepant. Genetic analyses evidenced an amazing homogeneity throughout the Eurasian range of the edible dormouse, whereas morphometrics pointed to a complex, step-wise differentiation along the Black Sea coast, the main signal being an opposition between Easternmost and Westernmost Turkish dormice. The genetic homogeneity suggests that this phenotypic differentiation is not the inheritance of glacial refuges, but the consequence of a more recent post-glacial isolation. The transition between the European and Asian groups is located eastwards from the Marmara straits, undermining its claimed role as an efficient barrier but stressing the importance of climatic and vegetational factors. A secondary differentiation between populations from the Central Black Sea coast and Easternmost regions was evidenced, attributed to a complex interplay of climatic, topographic, anthropogenic, and ecological factors. Turkey, at the crossroad of European and Asian species, heavily impacted by the current global change including climatic and anthropogenic factors, appears of importance for understanding the historical dynamics of differentiation and exchanges between populations that shaped the current distribution of Eurasian species and their future survival. (C) 2012 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2012, , .Öğe NUCLEAR AND ORGANELLE GENES BASED PHYLOGENY OF DRYOMYS (GLIRIDAE, RODENTIA, MAMMALIA) FROM TURKEY(Hungarian Natural History Museum, 2019) Kankilic, Teoman; Seker, Perincek Seckinozan; Aydin, Burcu; Altunbas, Derya; Selvi, Engin; Yigit, Nuri; Colak, ErcumentMolecular phylogeny, phylogeography and genetic structure of the genus Dryomys Thomas, 1906 from Turkey were identified by using partial sequences of beta-fibrinogen intron 7 and mitochondrially encoded 12S ribosomal RNA genes and also combined data of two genes. Within Dryomys nitedula species, both, nuclear and mitochondrial genes coherently separated the Thrace lineage from the other lineages in Anatolia. Contrary to this, complex and incomprehensible phylogenies were recovered for Anatolian populations of this species. The analysis of the combined data of these two genes resolved mentioned complexity and incongruity and made phylogeny compatible with the results of past studies for the relative position of the Anatolian lineages. Thus, the presence of four different lineages (one in Thrace and three in Anatolia) within D. nitedula in the localities exemplified across Turkey was confirmed. Genetic differentiation (K2P distances) between the lineages were moderate at the level of intraspecific diversity. In addition to this, genetic distance (K2P = 5.5%) determined between D. nitedula and D. laniger conformed the distance suggested for the separate species of mammals. Evolutionary divergence time estimations demonstrated that the probable divergence between D. laniger and D. nitedula and among its detected lineages started in the border of Late Miocene and Pliocene (5.3 Mya) and lasted to the beginning of the Calabrian Stage of Pleistocene (1.8 Mya) in line with the previous results obtained from fossil and molecular data.Öğe Phylogenetic and Phylogeographic Relationships of Populations of Meriones tristrami Thomas, 1892 (Rodentia: Gerbillinae) in Turkey as Inferred from Cytochrome-b and RFLP Analysis(Inst Zoology, Bas, 2020) Yigit, Nuri; Colak, Ercument; Markov, Georgi; Yigit, Fulya Saygili; Colak, Reyhan; Cetinturk, Derya; Seker, Perincek Seckin OzanThe present study aimed to reveal the relationship between the genetic diversity of Tristram's jird Meriones tristrami subpopulations by using cyt-b sequences, the amplified fragments of cyt-b produced by restriction endonuclease (RFLP; Msp I, Rsa I, Noc I and Hae III were used) and the distribution on the Anatolian Peninsula. Eighteen haplotypes were identified in the subpopulations of this species, with the highest nucleotide diversity in the Central Anatolia. The haplotype diversity was determined to be 0.970 among subpopulations. The fixation index (Fst) and the gene flow parameter (Nm) based on cyt-b sequences showed the effective gene flow between the western and south-eastern subpopulations. Both cyt-b sequences and RFLP analyses produced almost similar topology in the Bayesian and UPGMA trees, indicating a gene flow from subpopulations of the South-east to Central Anatolia and the Western Black Sea coast. The main factor for the genetic diversity is considered to be the intermittent distribution from west to east as a result of the great altitude of the Eastern Anatolian Plateau as well as the sea and lake system fragmenting the territory of Anatolia in the Pliocene - Pleistocene Age.Öğe Phylogeny of species and cytotypes of mole rats (Spalacidae) in Turkey inferred from mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequencees(INST VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY AS CR, 2012) Kandemir, Irfan; Sozen, Mustafa; Matur, Ferhat; Kankilic, Teoman; Martinkova, Natalia; Colak, Faruk; Colak, ErcumentWe described the genetic variation of cytochrome b gene sequences of blind mole rats in Turkey. We examined 47 individuals belonging to nine cytotypes of three superspecies Nannospalax leucodon, N. xanthodon and N. ehrenbergi in the 402bp gene sequence of cytochrome b. Phylogenetic analyses showed that relationships between cytotypes were well supported, but deeper divergence between species showed insignificant relationships. Cytotypes of N. xanthodon with low diploid number of chromosomes from western Turkey formed a monophyletic group distinct from the populations with higher number of chromosomes (2n = 56-60). The monophyly of N. xanthodon was supported with respect to N. leucodon (2n = 56) in the Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylogenies. The divergence between two analyzed cytotypes of N. ehrenbergi (2n = 52, 2n = 56) was 9.4 %, and the Kilis cytotype (2n = 52) appeared as the basal branch of the whole analysed dataset. N. ehrenbergi cytotypes were paraphyletic and they formed unsupported relationships with previously described N. galili (2n = 52), N. golani (2n = 54), N. carmeli (2n = 58) and N. judaei (2n = 60) from Israel. The results of this study showed that the Nannospalax species complex most likely represents more species than currently recognized, especially in N. xanthodon. We suggest that cytotypes of N. xanthodon and N. ehrenbergi from Turkey should be investigated in detail as possible candidates for being separate species.Öğe Some karyological records and a new chromosomal form for Spalax (Mammalia : Rodentia) in Turkey(INST VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY AS CR, 2006) Sozen, Mustafa; Matur, Ferhat; Colak, Ercument; Ozkurt, Sakir; Karatas, AhmetThe karyotypes of 73 specimens of subterranean mole rats of the superspecies Spalax leucodon Nordmann, 1840 from 21 localities, and six specimens of the superspecies Spalax ehrenbergi Nehring, 1898 from three localities in Turkey were analysed. S. leucodon has 2n = 56, NF = 78 in the populations from Thrace; and 2n = 48, NF = 71; 2n = 50, NF = 70; 2n = 50, NF 72; 2n = 54, NF = 75; 2n = 56, NF = 72; 2n = 58, NF = 72; 2n = 60, NF = 74; 2n = 60, NF = 76; 2n = 60, NF = 77 in the populations from Anatolia. S. ehrenbergi has 2n = 56, NF = 72 in the Adana population, and 2n = 52, NF = 74 in the Elbeyli population. According to these karyological findings based on chromosome morphology, the diploid chromosome number of 2n = 48, NF = 71 reported here is new for Spalax leucodon in Turkey. The karyological peculiarities and distributional area of mole rats in the European part of Turkey have been determined in detail, and shown that only the 2n = 56 form is distributed in Thrace.Öğe Vkorc1 gene polymorphisms confer resistance to anticoagulant rodenticide in Turkish rats(Peerj Inc, 2023) Yigit, Nuri; Duman, Mustafa T.; Cetinturk, Derya; Saygili-Yigit, Fulya; Colak, Ercument; Colak, ReyhanMutations in Exon 1, 2 and 3 of the vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (Vkorc1) gene are known to lead to anticoagulant rodenticide resistance. In order to investigate their putative resistance in rodenticides, we studied the genetic profile of the Vkorc1 gene in Turkish black rats (Rattus rattus) and brown rats (Rattus norvegicus). In this context, previously recorded Ala21Thr mutation (R. rattus) in Exon 1 region, Ile90Leu mutation (R. rattus, R. norvegicus) in Exon 2 region and Leu120Gln mutation (R. norvegicus) in Exon 3 region were identified as missense mutationscausing amino acid changes. Ala21Thr mutation was first detected in one specimen of Turkish black rat despite the uncertainty of its relevance to resistance. Ile90Leu mutation accepted as neutral variant was detected in most of black rat specimens. Leu120Gln mutation related to anticoagulant rodenticide resistance was found in only one brown rat specimen. Furthermore, Ser74Asn, Gln77Pro (black rat) and Ser79Pro (brown rat) mutations that cause amino acid changes in the Exon 2 region but unclear whether they cause resistance were identified. In addition, silent mutationswhich do not cause amino acid changes were also defined; these mutations were Arg12Arg mutation in Exon 1 region, His68His, Ser81Ser, Ile82Ile and Leu94Leu mutations in Exon 2 region and Ile107Ile, Thr137Thr, Ala143Ala and Gln152Gln mutations in Exon 3 region. These silent mutations were found in both species except for Ser81Ser which was determined in only brown rats.
