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    Production of dye from green and brown walnut shells for leather coloration
    (International University of Sarajevo, 2017) Doğan-Sağlamtimur, Neslihan; Turaç, Ersen; Arabacioğlu, Ruhsar; Çivioğlu, Tuğba
    Nowadays, it is observed that there is an increasing approach to the use of natural substances instead of synthetic ones. As the synthetic materials and products are more complex in comparison to natural substances, it will take a long time to complete their natural cycles and return to nature, thus, causing a lot of environmental pollution.Green and brown shells of walnuts that are not only valuable crops but also important components of the Mediterranean dietare by-products of the walnut production, having scarce use (especially green shell). Thus, using shells as a source of dye will increase the value of the walnut production, as well as offering utilization for a by-product, which is produced in large quantities. The purpose of this study is to produce dye from wastegreen and brown walnut shells, compare quality of these dyesand apply themseparately in untreated leather. Before chemical processes, the walnut shells were chopped in a grinding mill. They were dried in an oven toeliminate the humidity and extracted inSoxhlet apparatus by using ethanol solution. Then,the ethanol solution was evaporated in controlled way and the produced dyes weremordanted by using potassium aluminium sulphate (PAS). The dyes were analysed by TLC and UV-Vis, whereas dyed leathers were analysed by colorfastness test. The present study showed that brown walnut shell dye having higher color values was better for yield, dye penetration and fastness properties compared to green walnut shell dye.Luminous effect was observed when these dyes were applied in leather. It is interesting, uncommon and economically valuable for leather industry.This study would be a positive step to meet the need of leather industry in Turkey and a good example for cleaner production.
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    Proficiency of Maritime English course: An investigation in Istanbul, Turkey
    (Research and Development Academy, 2021) Saray, Sercan; Satır, Tanzer; Doğan-Sağlamtimur, Neslihan
    Effective communication in the sea and ocean can only be achieved through a common language. Maritime professions in Turkey for many years have been seen as an important area of employment. Maritime vocational and technical high schools are also seen as educational institutions that play an important role in this field. In this study, it has been aimed to define the level of general and Maritime English education provided by the maritime vocational high schools, the problems and deficiencies of education, and what must be done to improve the education quality. A questionnaire was conducted to 200 graduates of maritime vocational high schools in order to determine the efficiency, deficiencies and issues that need to be improved. The results of the survey were analyzed by SPSS and made meaningful. For analysis, t-test was used to evaluate numerical data between two independent groups and One-Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test was used to evaluate numerical data between more than two independent groups. After the One-Way ANOVA Test, Tukey Test was used as a complementary Post-Hoc analysis to determine the differences. Finally, Pearson correlation method was used to evaluate the continuous numerical variables used in the research. As a result of the research, it has been seen that Maritime English education in vocational high schools is far from meeting the needs of today's world and the maritime sector. It was observed that the graduates felt this inadequacy heavily on ships and experienced the effects of this deficiency in all of their professional life. As stated in the survey results, it is thought that the Maritime English educators with sea experience will increase the motivation of the students. Programs sourced from the field need to be reorganized. Also, it will be beneficial to rearrange the requirements of the seafarer educators for giving English lessons. © The Author(s) 2021.