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    Hydrochemistry and groundwater quality in a semiarid calcareous area: an evaluation of major ion chemistry using a stoichiometric approach
    (Springer International Publishing, 2018) Avci H.; Dokuz U.E.; Avci A.S.
    This study is a wide-ranging evaluation of groundwater within the calcareous semiarid area, Gaziantep in southeast Anatolia, Turkey. The resulting water chemistry data (1) explains the interactions between rock and water, (2) evaluates the quantitative relationships between chemical species (major ions), (3) separates hydrochemical facies, (4) provides information on current water quality for multiple uses, and (5) acts as a benchmark for future research. Relationships between ion concentrations (as meq/L) were analyzed through linear modeling and calculation of coefficients of determination (R2). Stoichiometric calculations were employed to determine the quantitative relationships between ions in groundwater. Calculations between (Ca2++Mg2+) and HCO3 - indicated that, even at different concentrations of the total alkaline earth metal ion (M2+), the relative percent remained at 72% for all samples. The majority of Ca2+, Mg2+, and HCO3 - ions in groundwater were derived from weathering of calcite, the most common mineral in the local geology. Weathering of dolomite was also important to the contribution of ions in some areas. Ca-HCO3 was found to be the dominant water type for 81% of raw samples; a mixed water type was found in 17% of the samples. The major dissolved components of groundwater are, therefore, Ca(HCO3)2 and, to a lesser degree, Mg(HCO3)2. The sampled groundwater was generally found to meet drinking water quality guidelines for most of the physicochemical quality properties for which standards are available, and with regard to concentrations of Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4 2-, NO2 -, and NH4 +. However, NO3 -, Ca2+, and HCO3 - concentrations in several groundwater samples were in excess of maximum acceptable concentrations (MACs). © 2018, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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    Hydrogeochemical appraisal of groundwater quality in the Ga west municipality, Ghana: Implication for domestic and irrigation purposes
    (Elsevier B.V., 2019) Sunkari E.D.; Abu M.; Bayowobie P.S.; Dokuz U.E.
    This study was conducted to appraise the quality of groundwater for irrigation and domestic water supply in the Ga West Municipality, Ghana. A total of 29 borehole water samples were collected for hydrogeochemical analysis and interpreted using hydrogeochemical plots and multivariate statistical analysis. The relative abundance of the major ions in the analyzed water samples were in the order Na + > Ca 2+ > Mg 2+ > K + and HCO 3 - > Cl - > SO 4 2- . Trilinear Piper plot shows that Na–HCO 3 –Cl and Na–Ca–HCO 3 –Cl are the dominant water types in the area. The Ca 2+ and HCO 3 - in these type of waters are primarily from dissolution of carbonate minerals whilst the Na + and Cl - may have been input from water-rock interaction with granitic rocks, seawater intrusion, and anthropogenic activities in the watershed. All the analyzed physico-chemical parameters are within the acceptable limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) for drinking except TDS, total hardness, Na + , and Cl - which could be as a result of solid waste leachate and marine water intrusion. The samples have low to medium sodium hazard values with high to very high salinity hazard values when plotted on the Wilcox diagram. This suggests that the water is suitable for irrigation purposes with regard to sodium hazard but a mixing of the high salinity water with low salinity water is highly recommended prior to irrigation to reduce the salinity hazard in the area. However, if the crops are salt tolerant, then mixing is not necessary. Three factors explain 99.8% of the total variance and suggest that water–rock interaction is the most important factor that controls the groundwater chemistry. Besides, some contribution from agricultural activities and seawater mixing are the other factors influencing the groundwater chemistry. These factors are indicated by the positive correlation among the individual hydrochemical parameters. © 2019 Elsevier B.V.