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    Estimation of environmental impacts on the water quality of the Tahtalidam watershed in Izmir, Turkey
    (SPRINGER, 2005) Gulbahar, N; Elhatip, H
    Water pollution is a widespread problem in different areas of the world. Some of these problems originated from point contamination sources and widespread contaminant outlet sources which are observed in every country. The major elements and chemical loads of surface water have been dominated by constituents derived directly or indirectly from human activities and/or industrial practices that have increased additives in the last several decades. The point sources of contamination may result from the direct wastewater discharges to the dam sites, which are considered to be the most commonly encountered water pollution problems. One of these problems is the eutrophication process which usually occurs in the static water mass of lakes and other surface water reservoirs. This process may be caused by the continuous increase of nitrogen and phosphorus contents and decrease of O-2 level in water causing an anaerobic condition which may stimulate algae-growth flow in these water bodies, consequently reducing the quality of water. Of course, there are many research methods for determining the various kinds of water pollution. In this research, the hydrochemical parameters were evaluated to estimate the types of pollution sources, the level of pollution, and its environmental impacts on the Tahtali dam reservoir.
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    Influences of human activities and agriculture on groundwater quality of Kayseri-Incesu-Dokuzpinar springs, central Anatolian part of Turkey
    (SPRINGER-VERLAG, 2003) Elhatip, H; Afsin, M; Kuscu, I; Dirik, K; Kurmac, Y; Kavurmaci, M
    Human activities and agriculture have had direct and indirect effects on the rates of contamination of groundwater in the Incesu-Dokuzpinar spring area. Direct effects include dissolution and transport of excess quantities of fertilizers with associated materials and hydrological alterations related to irrigation and drainage. Indirect effects may include changes in water-rock reactions in soils and aquifers caused by increased concentrations of dissolved oxidants, protons, and major ions. Agricultural activities have directly or indirectly affected the concentrations of a large number of inorganic chemicals in groundwater, for example NO3, N-2, Cl, SO42, H+, K, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, B, Pb, and Zn, as well as a wide variety of pesticides and other organic compounds. For reactive contaminants like NO3, it is recommended that a combination of hydrochemical and environmental-tracer analytical approaches might be required to resolve changing inputs from subsequent alterations as causes of concentration gradients in groundwater. The water type of Dokuzpinar springs is mainly Na-Mg-Ca-Cl-HCO3. Note that the water types of the springs were directly related to the hydrogeochemical properties of outcrops at the study area. Thus, the high concentration of Ca2+ and HCO3 is mainly related to the high CO2 contents in the marbles, whereas the high Na concentration arises from the existing syenite, volcanic ash, basalt, and clay units, although the Incesu-Dokuzpinar springs cover most of the drinking and irrigation water demands of this area. The high concentrations of NO3 and NaCl show that the area around the springs is continuously being contaminated by untreated sewage and agricultural wastes, especially during dry periods. Therefore, this approach is based on the vulnerability studies of the catchment area, determination of the transfer time of the pollutant, and the water-bearing formations of Incesu-Dokuzpinar springs. Vulnerability in this study is defined as the intrinsic hydrogeochemical characteristics of an aquifer, which may show the sensitivity of groundwater to be contaminated by different human activities.
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    Influences of wastewater discharges on the water quality of Mamasin dam watershed in Aksaray, Central Anatolian part of Turkey
    (SPRINGER, 2005) Elhatip, H; Gullu, O
    Sustaining the human ecological benefits of surface water requires carefully planned strategies for reducing the cumulative risks posed by diverse human activities. Municipal governments in Aksaray City play a key role in developing solutions to surface water management and protection problems. The responsibility to provide drinking water and sewage works, regulate the use of private land, and protect public health provides the mandate and authority to take action. A large part of Aksaray City uses Mamasin dam water as its primary source for drinking water. Several point sources of contamination may result from direct wastewater discharges from Melendiz and Karasu rivers, which recharge the Mamasin dam watershed. Relevant studies were carried out for monitoring the eutrophication process, which usually occurs in the static water mass of the Mamasin dam lake. This process may be caused by the continual increase in nutrients and decrease Of 02 levels, causing anaerobic conditions. Stimulated algae growth in these water bodies consequently reduces water quality. Hydrochemical parameters were evaluated to estimate the types of pollution sources, the level of pollution, and its environmental impacts on the Mamasin dam drinking water reservoir.
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    Roles of hydrogeochemical evaluations in estimating protection zones of Kocpinar springs in Aksaray, central Anatolia, Turkey
    (SPRINGER-VERLAG, 2001) Elhatip, H; Afsin, M
    The present study indicates estimation of protection zones of Kocpinar springs in Aksaray area by means of hydrogeochemical methods. Relevant hydrogeochemical studies were carried out to achieve this objective. Kocpinar springs emerge on strike-slip Hasandagi fault set (HFS) along the Tuzgold (Salt Lake) fault zone (TFZ) in central Anatolia. The outcrops of volcanic origin exhibit different hydrogeological properties in the study area. The hydrogeochemical evaluations of Kocpinar springs represent good results about the available main groundwater flow systems that exist in this Marbles of Palaeozoic age form the main aquifer that recharges Kocpinar springs. The CO2 gas content of the spring waters is significantly high. Based on the ion concentrations, the water of this spring has mainly two hydrochemical facies: Ca-Mg=HCO3 and Na-HCO3. Although, the hydrochemical analyses showed that waters of these springs meet the drinking and irrigation water standards , the area around the springs is continuously being contaminated by both domestic and agricultural wastes. Therefore, detailed hydrogeological, hydrochemical and isotopic investigations were carried out to accurately estimate the protection zones of Kocpinar springs. These studies showed that three main protection zones could be proposed against external pollution effects around the spring's area.
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    The use of hydrochemical techniques to estimate the discharge of Ovacik submarine springs on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey
    (Springer-Verlag, 2003) Elhatip, H
    Shallow submarine springs along the Mediterranean coast of Turkey discharge most available groundwater via highly developed karstic (buried channels), systems towards the Mediterranean Sea before interceptions for domestic and agricultural uses., This phenomenon takes place in Ovacik-Silifke village, one of the most intensive touristic places on the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. This study reports on the hydrochemical tests and dye-tracing techniques that were used to measure the amount of water discharge along the Ovacik coastline. Comparison of the electrical conductivity (EC) of the karst springs, which have a background concentration of 500 muS/cm, with the EC of the coastal and submarine discharges is an important tool for identifying the percentage of available freshwater from the shallow submarine springs.