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Anaerobic fermentation of rice bran using rumen liquor for desirable chemical changes as animal feed
(Network Veterinarians Bangladesh, 2022) Islam, Khan Md. Shaiful; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Lv, Renlong; Dang, Hoang Lam; Sugino, Toshihisa; Obitsu, Taketo
Objective: The objectives of this research are to overcome the limitations of rice bran (RB) and de-oiled rice bran (DORB) by fermentation anaerobically using inoculum from the rumen of a canulated sheep for desirable chemical changes.Materials and Methods: Initially, RB and DORB were fermented by 10% rumen liquor for 12 h at 39 degrees C at different moisture levels (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% phosphate buffer). Again, DORB was fermented for 24, 48, and 72 h at 39 degrees C using 10% rumen liquor at different moisture levels (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% phosphate buffer). Before and after fermentation, RB and DORB were analyzed for pH, proximate components, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), total-P, inorganic-P, and phytate-P.Results: Fermentation of RB and DORB for 12 h reduced (p < 0.05) pH, crude fiber (CF),NDF, and phytate-P, but increased (p < 0.05) the content of inorganic-P. Subsequent fermentation of DORB for 24, 48, and 72 h reduced pH, CF, and NDF. Total-P of fermented DORB remained similar till 72 h fermentation (p < 0.05). But, inorganic-P increased with the increasing duration (24, 48, and 72 h) of fermentation and increased (30, 40, and 50) moisture level (p < 0.05). Alternatively, phytate-P decreased with increasing duration and moisture level (p < 0.05).Conclusion: Inoculation of rumen microbes and incubation of RB (12 h) and DORB (24 h) at room temperature reduced phytate-P and fiber content (CF and NDF) when the moisture level was up to 50%; those are the indicators to reduce the limitation of RB and DORB to use as feed for non -ruminant animals like poultry and pigs.
Autophagy attenuates placental apoptosis, oxidative stress and fetal growth restriction in pregnant ewes
(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Zhang, Hao; Zheng, Yi; Liu, Xiaoyun; Zha, Xia; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Ma, Yi; Jiang, Honghua
Bisphenol A (BPA)-induced oxidative stress (OS) and its potentially associated autophagy and apoptosis have not been studied previously in pregnant ewes. Accordingly, this study investigated the underlying mechanisms of BPA-induced autophagy and apoptosis in the placenta and primary trophoblasts of pregnant ewes exposed to BPA both in vivo and in vitro. In vivo experiment, pregnant Hu ewes (n = 8) were exposed to 5 mg/kg/d of BPA compared to control ewes (n = 8) receiving only corn oil from day 40 through day 110 of gestation. Exposure to BPA during gestation resulted in placental insufficiency, fetal growth restriction (FGR), autophagy, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), mitochondrial dysfunction, OS, and apoptosis in type A placentomes. Regarding in vitro model, primary ovine trophoblasts were exposed to BPA, BPA plus chloroquine (CQ; an autophagy inhibitor) or BPA plus rapamycin (RAP; an autophagy activator) for 12 h. Data illustrated that exposure to BPA enhanced autophagy (ULK1, Beclin-1, LC3, Parkin, and PINK1), ERS (GRP78, CHOP10, ATF4, and ATF6) and apoptosis (Caspase 3, Bcl-2, Bax, P53) but decreased the antioxidant (CAT, Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1)-related mRNA and protein expressions as well as impaired the mitochondrial function. Moreover, treatment with CQ exacerbated the BPA-mediated OS, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, and ERS. On the contrary, RAP treatment coun-teracted the BPA-induced trophoblast dysfunctions mentioned above. Overall, the findings illustrated that BPA exposure could contribute to autophagy in the ovine placenta and trophoblasts and that autophagy, in turn, could alleviate BPA-induced apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, ERS, and OS. These results offer new mechanistic insights into the role of autophagy in mitigating BPA-induced placental dysfunctions and FGR.
Changes of photosynthetic pigments and phytol content at different levels of nitrogen fertilizer in Italian ryegrass fresh herbage and hay
(Wiley, 2022) Lv, Renlong; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Obitsu, Taketo; Sugino, Toshihisa; Kurokawa, Yuzo; Kawamura, Kensuke
The content of photosynthetic pigments in herbage not only has a strong antioxidant function, but also can improve the health of animals and the quality of livestock products after being ingested by ruminants. Increasing the content of photosynthetic pigments can improve the feed value of herbage, which is of great significance in the process of animal feeding. The experiment aimed to investigate the effect of nitrogen (N) fertilizer levels on the contents of photosynthetic pigments and phytol in fresh Italian ryegrass (IR) herbages and their changes after drying under natural condition over two consecutive seasons. IR variety: Ace (for 2013-2014 season) and Inazuma (for 2015-2016 season) were planted in 3 blocks (4 x 6 m) from two separate fields (>= 1 ha), three plots (2 x 2 m) were arranged in each block and three fertilization treatments, control: 0 kg N/ha, 60 N: 60 kg N/ha, and 120 N: 120 kg N/ha, were applied for each block. The results revealed that the crude protein, ether extract, photosynthetic pigments and phytol in IR (fresh herbage and hay) were increased with increasing N fertilizer levels. Photosynthetic pigments decreased obviously by hay preparation (chlorophylls: 40%-70%, phytol: 25%-47%, beta-carotene: 72%-90%, lutein: 31%-69%). The decomposition of phytol and beta-carotene was not affected by the growing year and N fertilizer levels. However, the decomposition of chlorophyll and lutein was affected by growing year, which was higher in 2014 than that in 2016. Also, the contents of total phytol and lutein of the fresh herbage and hay harvested in 2016 were higher (p < .05) than those harvested in 2014. In conclusion, higher N fertilizer levels could increase the photosynthetic pigments and phytol content in IR fresh herbage which contributes to improving the feed value. However, the content of photosynthetic pigments and phytol in IR hay decreased significantly. IR variety may also affect the nutrient content and their degree of decomposition during drying.
Determination of the trace minerals requirements for maintenance and growth of 35-50 kg Dorper x Hu crossbred ram lambs
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2020) Zhang, Hao; Zhang, Ying; Peng, Along; Nie, Haitao; Wang, Feng; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Loor, Juan J.
This study aimed at estimating the trace minerals net requirements for maintenance and growth of Dorper x Hu ram lambs using the comparative slaughter techniques in 35 lambs of 35-50 kg body weight (BW). Seven lambs were slaughtered at the initial BW (34.93 +/- 0.37 kg) to determine the basal whole-body composition. Another seven lambs were fed ad libitum (AL) and then slaughtered when it reached 41.73 +/- 0.53 kg BW. The remained 21 lambs were assigned into three treatment groups, seven animals each, and fed 100, 70 or 40% of AL intake, respectively, and were slaughtered when they reached a BW of 49.93 +/- 1.03 kg. The net requirements of maintenance were 5.1, 429.3, 94.0 and 48.8 mu g/kg empty BW (EBW) for Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu, respectively. The net requirements of growth at 35 kg BW were 0.86, 70.41, 33.46 and 4.31 mg/kg EBW for Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu, respectively. At a BW of 50 kg, the net growth requirements were 0.93, 68.40, 35.20 and 4.15 mg/kg EBW for Mn, Fe, Zn and Cu, respectively. Our data indicated that the Mn and Zn requirements increase, whereas those of Fe and Cu decrease when BW increases. In addition, the net Cu, Mn and Fe requirements for maintenance and Zn, Cu, Mn and Fe requirements for growth of Dorper x Hu hybrid ram lambs were higher than those reported in the NRC but Zn requirements for maintenance matched that of the NRC.
Dietary L-Arginine or N-Carbamylglutamate Alleviates Colonic Barrier Injury, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation by Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota in Intrauterine Growth-Retarded Suckling Lambs
(Mdpi, 2022) Zhang, Hao; Zheng, Yi; Zha, Xia; Ma, Yi; Liu, Xiaoyun; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Wang, Hongrong
Our previous studies have revealed that dietary N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) and L-arginine (Arg) supplementation improves redox status and suppresses apoptosis in the colon of suckling Hu lambs with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). However, no studies have reported the function of Arg or NCG in the colonic microbial communities, barrier function, and inflammation in IUGR-suckling lambs. This work aimed to further investigate how dietary Arg or NCG influences the microbiota, barrier function, and inflammation in the colon of IUGR lambs. Forty-eight newborn Hu lambs of 7 d old were assigned to four treatment groups (n = 12 per group; six male, six female) as follows: CON (normal birth weight, 4.25 +/- 0.14 kg), IUGR (3.01 +/- 0.12 kg), IUGR + Arg (2.99 +/- 0.13 kg), and IUGR + NCG (3.03 +/- 0.11 kg). A total of 1% Arg or 0.1% NCG was supplemented in a basal diet of milk replacer, respectively. Lambs were fed the milk replacer for 21 d until 28 d after birth. Compared to the non-supplemented IUGR lambs, the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) was higher, while fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran 4 kDa (FD4) was lower in the colon of the NCG- or Arg-supplemented IUGR lambs (p < 0.05). The IUGR lambs exhibited higher (p < 0.05) colonic interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 beta, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels than the CON lambs; the detrimental effects of IUGR on colonic proinflammatory cytokine concentrations and redox status were counteracted by dietary Arg or NCG supplementation. Both IUGR + Arg and IUGR + NCG lambs exhibited an elevated protein and mRNA expression of Occludin, Claudin-1, and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) compared to the IUGR lambs (p < 0.05). Additionally, the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) concentration was decreased while the levels of acetate, butyrate, and propionate were increased in IUGR + Arg and IUGR + NCG lambs compared to the IUGR lambs (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Clostridium, Lactobacillus, and Streptococcus was lower in the colonic mucosa of the IUGR lambs than in the CON lambs (p < 0.05) but was restored upon the dietary supplementation of Arg or NCG to the IUGR lambs (p < 0.05). Both Arg and NCG can alleviate colonic barrier injury, oxidative stress (OS), and inflammation by the modulation of colonic microbiota in IUGR-suckling lambs. This work contributes to improving knowledge about the crosstalk among gut microbiota, immunity, OS, and barrier function and emphasizes the potential of Arg or NCG in health enhancement as feed additives in the early life nutrition of ruminants.
Dietary N-carbamylglutamate and L-arginine supplementation improves redox status and suppresses apoptosis in the colon of intrauterine growth-retarded suckling lambs
(Keai Publishing Ltd, 2022) Zhang, Hao; Zheng, Yi; Zha, Xia; Liu, Xiaoyun; Ma, Yi; Loor, Juan J.; Elsabagh, Mabrouk
Previous studies have revealed that dietary N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) or L-arginine (Arg) improves small intestinal integrity and immune function in suckling Hu lambs that have experienced intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Whether these nutrients alter redox status and apoptosis in the colon of IUGR lambs is still unknown. This study, therefore, aimed at investigating whether dietary supplementation of Arg or NCG alters colonic redox status, apoptosis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the underlying mechanism of these alterations in IUGR suckling Hu lambs. Forty-eight 7-d old Hu lambs, including 12 with normal birth weight (4.25 +/- 0.14 kg) and 36 with IUGR (3.01 +/- 0.12 kg), were assigned to 4 treatment groups (n = 12 each; 6 males and 6 females) for 3 weeks. The treatment groups were control (CON), IUGR, IUGR + Arg and IUGR + NCG. Relative to IUGR lambs, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) content, as well as proliferation index, were higher (P < 0.05) whereas reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and apoptotic cell numbers were lower (P < 0.05) in colonic tissue for both IUGR + Arg and NCG lambs. Both mRNA and protein levels of C/ EBP homologous protein 10 (CHOP10), B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia 2 (Bcl-2) -associated X protein (Bax), apoptosis antigen 1 (Fas), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), caspase 3, and glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) were lower (P < 0.05) while glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), Bcl-2 and catalase (CAT) levels were higher (P < 0.05) in colonic tissue for IUGR + Arg and IUGR + NCG lambs compared with IUGR lambs. Based on our results, dietary NCG or Arg supplementation can improve colonic redox status and suppress apoptosis via death receptor-dependent, mitochondrial and ER stress pathways in IUGR suckling lambs.(c) 2022 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/).
Dietary N-carbamylglutamate or L-arginine supplementation improves hepatic energy status and mitochondrial function and inhibits the AMP-activated protein kinase- peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ? coactivator-1?-transcription factor A pathway in intrauterine-growth-retarded suckling lambs
(Keai Publishing Ltd, 2021) Zhang, Hao; Liu, Xiaoyun; Ren, Shengnan; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Wang, Mengzhi; Wang, Hongrong
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary administration of L-arginine (Arg) or N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on hepatic energy status and mitochondrial functions in suckling Hu lambs with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR). Forty-eight newborn Hu lambs of 7 d old were allocated into 4 treatment groups of 12 lambs each, in triplicate with 4 lambs per replicate (2 males and 2 females) as follows: CON (lambs of normal birth weight, 4.25 +/- 0.14 kg), IUGR (3.01 +/- 0.12 kg), IUGR thorn 1% Arg (2.99 +/- 0.13 kg), or IUGR thorn 0.1% NCG (3.03 +/- 0.11 kg). The experiment lasted for 21 d, until d 28 after birth, and all lambs were fed milk replacer as a basal diet. Compared with IUGR lambs, NCG or Arg administration increased (P < 0.05) the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level and the activities of complexes I/III/IV, isocitrate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase in the liver. Compared with CON lambs, the relative mRNA levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase alpha 1 (AMPK alpha 1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC1 alpha) and transcription factor A (TFAM) were increased (P < 0.05) in the liver of IUGR lambs, but were decreased (P < 0.05) in the liver of NCG- or Arg-treated lambs compared with those in the IUGR lambs. Compared with IUGR lambs, NCG or Arg administration decreased (P < 0.05) the total AMPK alpha (tAMPK alpha)-to-phosphorylated AMPK alpha (pAMPK alpha) ratio and the protein expression of PGC1a alpha and TFAM. The results suggested that dietary Arg or NCG supplements improved hepatic energy status and mitochondrial function and inhibited the AMPK-PGC1 alpha-TFAM pathway in IUGR suckling lambs. (C) 2021 Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.
Dietary rumen-protected L-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate attenuated fetal hepatic inflammation in undernourished ewes suffering from intrauterine growth restriction
(Keai Publishing Ltd, 2021) Zhang, Hao; Zhang, Ying; Ma, Yi; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Wang, Hongrong; Wang, Mengzhi
This study aimed to explore whether dietary rumen-protected L-arginine (RP-Arg) or N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) supplementation to feed-restricted pregnant ewes counteracts fetal hepatic inflammation and innate immune dysfunction associated with intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in ovine fetuses. On d 35 of pregnancy, twin-bearing Hu ewes (n = 32) were randomly assigned to 4 treatment groups (8 ewes and 16 fetuses per group) and fed diets containing 100% of the NRC requirements (CON), 50% of the NRC requirements (RES), RES + RP-Arg (20 g/d) (RESA), or RES + NCG (5 g/d) (RESN). At 08:00 on d 110 of gestation, fetal blood and liver tissue samples were collected. The levels of triglyceride, free fatty acid, cholesterol and beta-hydroxybutyrate in the fetal blood of RESA and RESN groups were lower (P < 0.05) than those of the RES group, but were higher (P < 0.05) than those of the CON group. The interleukin (IL)6 and IL-1 levels in fetal blood and liver tissue as well as the myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (MyD88), transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) mRNA levels in the fetal liver were decreased (P < 0.05) by the NCG or RP-Arg supplementation compared to the RES treatment. Similarly, the toll-like receptor (TLR)-4, MyD88, TGFb, and p-c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) protein levels in the fetal liver were reduced (P < 0.05) in the NCG and RP-Arg-supplemented groups compared to the RES group. These results showed that dietary supplementation of RP-Arg or NCG to underfed pregnant ewes could protect against IUGR fetal hepatic inflammation via improving lipid metabolism, down-regulating the TLR-4 and the inflammatory JNK and NF-kB signaling pathways, and decreasing cytokine production in ovine fetal blood and liver tissue. (C) 2021 Chinese Association of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd.
Dietary rumen-protected L-arginine or N-carbamylglutamate enhances placental amino acid transport and suppresses angiogenesis and steroid anabolism in underfed pregnant ewes
(Keai Publishing Ltd, 2023) Zhang, Hao; Zha, Xia; Zhang, Bei; Zheng, Yi; Liu, Xiaoyun; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Ma, Yi
This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation of underfed Hu ewes from d 35 to 110 of gestation with either rumen-protected L-arginine (RP-Arg) or N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) on placental amino acid (AA) transport, angiogenic gene expression, and steroid anabolism. On d 35 of gestation, 32 Hu ewes carrying twin fetuses were randomly divided into four treatment groups, each consisting of eight ewes, and were fed the following diets: A diet providing 100% of NRC's nutrient requirements for pregnant ewes (CON); A diet providing 50% of NRC's nutrient requirements for pregnant ewes (RES); RES diet plus 5 g/d NCG (RES + NCG); or RES diet plus 20 g/d RP-Arg (RES + ARG). On the d 110 of pregnancy, blood samples were taken from the mother, and samples were collected from type A cotyledons (COT; the fetal portions of the placenta). The levels of 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone in the maternal serum and both the capillary area density (CAD) and capillary surface density (CSD) in type A COT were decreased in response to Arg or NCG supplementation when compared to the RES group. The concentrations of arginine, leucine, putrescine and spermidine in type A COT were higher (P < 0.05) in the RES + ARG or RES + NCG group than in the RES group. The mRNA expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and solute carrier family 15, member 1 (SLC15A1) were increased (P < 0.05) while those of progesterone receptor (PGR) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) were decreased in type A COT by supplementation with either NCG or RP-Arg compared to the RES group. The results suggest that providing underfed pregnant ewes from d 35 to 110 of gestation with a diet supplemented with NCG or RP-Arg improves placental AA transport, and reduces the expression of angiogenic growth factor genes and steroid anabolism, leading to better fetal development.(c) 2023 The Authors. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Dietary Supplementation of L-Arginine and N-Carbamylglutamate Attenuated the Hepatic Inflammatory Response and Apoptosis in Suckling Lambs with Intrauterine Growth Retardation
(Hindawi Ltd, 2020) Zhang, Hao; Fan, Yaotian; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Guo, Shuang; Wang, Mengzhi; Jiang, Honghua
L-arginine (Arg) is a semiessential amino acid with several physiological functions. N-Carbamylglutamate (NCG) can promote the synthesis of endogenous Arg in mammals. However, the roles of Arg or NCG on hepatic inflammation and apoptosis in suckling lambs suffering from intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) are still unclear. The current work is aimed at examining the effects of dietary Arg and NCG on inflammatory and hepatocyte apoptosis in IUGR suckling lambs. On day 7 after birth, 48 newborn Hu lambs were selected from a cohort of 432 twin lambs. Normal-birthweight and IUGR Hu lambs were allocated randomly (n=12/group) to control (CON), IUGR, IUGR+1% Arg, or IUGR+0.1% NCG groups. Lambs were fed for 21 days from 7 to 28 days old. Compared with CON lambs, relative protein 53 (P53), apoptosis antigen 1 (Fas), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), caspase-3, cytochrome C, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappa B) p65, and NF-kappa B pp65 protein levels were higher (P<0.05) in liver from IUGR lambs, whereas those in liver from IUGR lambs under Arg or NCG treatment were lower than those in IUGR lambs. These findings indicated that supplementing Arg or NCG reduced the contents of proinflammatory cytokines at the same time when the apoptosis-related pathway was being suppressed, thus suppressing the IUGR-induced apoptosis of hepatic cells.
Dietary supplementation of l-arginine and N-carbamylglutamate enhances duodenal barrier and mitochondrial functions and suppresses duodenal inflammation and mitophagy in suckling lambs suffering from intrauterine-growth-restriction
(Royal Soc Chemistry, 2020) Zhang, Hao; Ma, Yi; Wang, Mengzhi; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Loor, Juan J.; Wang, Hongrong
The current work aimed at investigating the effects of the dietary supplementation of N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) or l-arginine (Arg) on the duodenal mitophagy, mitochondrial function, inflammation, and barrier function in suckling lambs suffering from intrauterine-growth-retardation (IUGR). Forty-eight neonate Hu lambs were used in this study: 12 lambs with normal birth weight (NBW: 4.25 +/- 0.14 kg) and 36 lambs with IUGR (3.01 +/- 0.13 kg). Seven day old lambs were assigned to 4 treatment groups (12 lambs in each group) as follows: control group (CON), IUGR group, IUGR + Arg, and IUGR + NCG. Lambs were fed the experimental diets for 21 days from 7 days to 28 days of age. Compared with IUGR lambs, the Arg or NCG-treated IUGR lambs had a markedly higher duodenal transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and lower fluorescein isothiocyanate dextran (FD4) (P < 0.05), respectively. The duodenal mitochondrial membrane potential change (Delta psi(m)), relative mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level, together with the activities of the respiratory complexes I, III, and IV were markedly higher in Arg or NCG-treated IUGR lambs than those in non-supplemented IUGR lambs (P < 0.05). The expressions of the integrity-related proteins (occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1)), antioxidant- and apoptosis-related proteins (B-cell lymphoma/leukaemia 2 (Bcl2), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1)), and the nitric oxide-dependent pathway-related proteins (epithelial NO synthase (eNOS) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS)) were higher in NCG or Arg-supplemented IUGR lambs than those in nontreated IUGR lambs (P < 0.05). The duodenal expressions of the mitophagy-related proteins (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3) I, LC3 II, Belin1, PTEN induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), and Parkin) and the immune function-related proteins (myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), IL-6, nuclear factor kappa B (p65), toll-like receptor (TLR4) and TNF-alpha) were reduced (P < 0.05) in NCG or Arg-supplemented IUGR lambs compared with non-supplemented IUGR lambs. These results demonstrated that the dietary supplementation of Arg or NCG enhanced the duodenal barrier function and mitochondrial function, mitigated duodenal inflammation, and suppressed mitophagy in suckling lambs suffering from IUGR.
Dietary thiamine supplementation modulates ruminal microbiota and partly restores lactation performance in lactating Hu ewes under heat-stress conditions
(Elsevier, 2024) Ma, Yi; Yang, Peng; Li, Pengfei; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Cheng, Long; Chen, Huayou; Feng, Yong
This study aimed to investigate the impact of dietary thiamine supplementation on milk production, rumen microbiota profile and inflammatory response of Hu ewes under heat-stress conditions. Twenty-seven multiparous pregnant and lactating Hu ewes of 71.6 +/- 1.4 kg body weight, 11 +/- 0.5 months gestation age, 31 +/- 1 days in milk, 1.68 +/- 0.15 L/d milk yield, and 2.14 +/- 0.12 kg of daily dry matter intake (DMI), were used in the study. Following an acclimation period of 7 days, ewes were divided into 3 blocks of 9 each (one Hu ewe per pen), in a complete randomized design and assigned to one of three environmental temperature conditions for 15 days: thermoneutrality without supplementation (CON), heat-stressed without supplementation (HS) or heat-stressed with dietary thiamine supplementation (200 mg/kg of DMI; HST). The results indicated that the HS group experienced notable declines in milk protein, fat, and lactose content from day 10-15 (P < 0.05) compared to the CON group. In contrast, thiamine supplementation significantly elevated milk protein content from day 13-15 and raised milk fat and lactose content on days 14 and 15 (P < 0.05) compared to the HS group, thereby enhancing milk quality to a certain extent. Additionally, thiamine supplementation (HST group) significantly increased the circulating thiamine and Immunoglobulin A (IgA) concentrations accompanied by a significant decline in LPS-binding protein, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and serum amyloid A protein (SAA) levels compared to the HS group (P < 0.05). Rumen microbial composition analysis revealed that thiamine supplementation increased the abundance of Pyramidobacter, Butyrivibrio, Bacteroides, and Saccharofermentans. In conclusion, heat exposure during lactation in Hu ewes lowered milk production and quality, affecting rumen microbes. Dietary thiamine supplementation could improve rumen fermentation, mitigate heat stress-induced inflammation, and restore milk production in Hu ewes under heat stress conditions.
Effect of nano-hydroxyapatite as an alternative to inorganic dicalcium phosphate on growth performance, carcass traits, and calcium and phosphorus metabolism of broiler chickens
(Assiut University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Medicine, 2020) Sobhi, Basant Mohsen; Ismael, Esam Yousef; Mansour, Ahmed Sadek; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Fahmy, Khaled Nasr El-Din
The influence of nano-hydroxyapatite (NHA) as a source of calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) alternative to inorganic dicalcium phosphate (DCP) on the performance, carcass traits, and the Ca and P contents in serum, bone, and excreta was evaluated in broiler chickens. One-day-old un-sexed Arbor Acres Plus broiler chickens (n.= 160) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups of four replicates with 10 birds in each replicate. The birds received, for 35 days, one of four isocaloric isonitrogenous experimental diets differing in DCP and NHA inclusion levels as follows: diet 1 served as control and contained 2% DCP (100% DCP); diet 2 contained 1% DCP plus 0.1% NHA (50% DCP); diet 3 having 0.5% DCP plus 0.1% NHA (25% DCP); diet 4 having a 0.1% NHA only (0% DCP). The NHA was prepared by the wet chemical method and was shown to have Rod-like shape with 20-100 nm size, 98% purity, 30.8% Ca and 11% available P. Results indicated that the dietary supplementation of 0.5% DCP plus 0.1% of NHA (diet 3) or 0.1% of NHA (diet 4) decreased the excreted P (P ? 0.05) without negative impacts on growth performance parameters compared to control group. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the carcass characteristics and serum Ca-P profile of broilers among the four dietary treatments. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in the tibia bone ash as well as the Ca and P levels among experimental diets. Thus, dietary supplementation of 0.1% of NHA can be safely used instead of inorganic DCP in broiler diets. © 2011-2020 JAVR. All rights reserved.
Effect of phytol in forage on phytanic acid content in cow's milk
(Asian-Australasian Assoc Animal Production Soc, 2021) Lv, Renlong; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Obitsu, Taketo; Sugino, Toshihisa; Kurokawa, Yuzo
Objective: Bioactive compounds in ruminant products are related to functional compounds in their diets. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the effect of forage sources, Italian ryegrass (IR) silage vs corn silage (CS) in the total mixed ration (TMR), on milk production, milk composition, and phytanic acid content in milk, as well as on the extent of conversion of dietary phytol to milk phytanic acid. Methods: Phytanic acid content in milk was investigated for cows fed a TMR containing either IR silage or CS using 17 cows over three periods of 21 days each. In periods 1 and 3, cows were fed CS-based TMR (30% CS), while in period 2, cows were fed IR silage-based TMR (20% IR silage and10% CS). Results: The results showed that there were no differences in fat, protein, lactose, solidsnot-fat, somatic cell count, and fatty acid composition of milk among the three experimental periods. There were no differences in the plasma concentration of glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and nonesterified fatty acids among the three experimental periods, while the blood urea nitrogen was higher (p<0.05) in period 2. The milk phytanic acid content was higher (p<0.05) in period 2 (13.9 mg/kg) compared with periods 1 (9.30 mg/kg) and 3 (8.80 mg/kg). Also, the phytanic acid content in the feces was higher (p<0.05) in period 2 (1.65 mg/kg dry matter [DM]) compared with period 1 (1.15 mg/kg DM), and 3 (1.17 mg/kg DM). Although the phytol contents in feces did not differ among the three feeding periods, the conversion ratio from dietary phytol to milk phytanic acid was estimated to be only 2.6%. Conclusion: Phytanic acid content in cow's milk increases with increasing phytol content in diets. However, phytol might not be completely metabolized in the rumen and phytanic acid, in turn, might not be completely recovered into cow's milk. The change of phytanic acid content in milk may be positively correlated with the change of phytol in the diet within a short time.
Effect of varying fermentation conditions with ensiling period and inoculum on photosynthetic pigments and phytol content in Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage
(Wiley, 2020) Lv, Renlong; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Obitsu, Taketo; Sugino, Toshihisa; Kurokawa, Yuzo; Kawamura, Kensuke
This study aimed to investigate the effect of an ensiling period (Experiment 1) and adding lactic acid bacteria (LAB, Experiment 2) on the changes in carotenoid, chlorophyll, and phytol in ensiled Italian ryegrass (IR, Lolium multiflorum Lam.). In Experiment 1, the IR herbage ensiled into plastic bags was analyzed for the contents of photosynthetic pigments and phytol over a 5-week period. During the ensiling process, the beta-carotene content decreased (p < .05), whereas the lutein content did not change. Although the chlorophyll content decreased (p < .05) after ensiling, the phytol content barely changed until week 5. In Experiment 2, IR herbage was ensiled without additive, as a Control, or with LAB for 60 days. The pH was lower (p < .05) and lactic acid content was higher (p < .05) for the LAB silage than for the Control. The chlorophyll content in silage was not affected by the LAB; however, the beta-carotene content was higher (p < .05) for the LAB silage than for the Control. Phytol and lutein contents in the herbage did not change after ensiling. These results indicate that phytol and lutein in IR herbage can be preserved well in silage, irrespective of their fermentation condition.
Effects of formic acid and corn flour supplementation of banana pseudostem silages on nutritional quality of silage, growth, digestion, rumen fermentation and cellulolytic bacterial community of Nubian black goats
(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Zhang Hao; Cheng Xuan; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Lin Bo; Wang Hong-rong
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of adding formic acid and corn flour supplementation to banana pseudostem silages on the nutritional quality of these silages, growth, digestion, rumen fermentation and cellulolytic bacterial community of Nubian black goats fed these silages. Banana pseudostem silage was prepared either conventionally without any additives (CON) or mixed with 0.6% formic acid (F), 10% corn flour (C), or both (F+C). Four experimental diets containing 40% of the corresponding silages were designed with roughage to concentrate ratio of 50:50 (dry matter (DM) basis). A total of 48 Nubian black castrated goats (body weight (BW), (22.64 +/- 1.82) kg; 4-mon-old) were randomized into one of the four treatment groups with 12 replicates of one castrated goat per replicate for each treatment in a completely randomized design. Each group was fed on one of the four experimental diets for 40 days. A factorial arrangement of treatments of 2 (formic acid levels: 0 and 0.6%)& times;2 (corn flour: 0 and 10%) was adopted. Formic acid supplementation increased (P<0.05) average daily gain, as well as lactic acid, propionate and butyric acid and water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations, but decreased (P<0.05) the feed conversion rate, pH value, acetate/propionate ratio, and butyric acid concentration relative to the CON group. Corn flour supplementation increased (P<0.05) the apparent digestibility of crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and non-fibrous carbohydrate and Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus, and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens populations, but decreased (P<0.05) the Ruminococcus flavefaciens population relative to the CON group. There were no F & times;C treatment interactions (P>0.05) for any of the other indices except for the apparent digestibility of non-fibrous carbohydrate (NFC) (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that adding 0.6% formic acid and 10% corn flour supplementation to banana pseudostem silages improved the nutritional quality of these silages and enhanced the growth performance of Nubian black castrated goats by improving apparent nutrient digestibility, and regulating ruminal fermentation and bacteria populations.
Effects of the Gut Microbiota and Barrier Function on Melatonin Efficacy in Alleviating Liver Injury
(Mdpi, 2022) Zhang, Hao; Liu, Xiaoyun; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Zhang, Ying; Ma, Yi; Jin, Yaqian; Wang, Mengzhi
Environmental cadmium (Cd) exposure has been associated with severe liver injury. In contrast, melatonin (Mel) is a candidate drug therapy for Cd-induced liver injury due to its diverse hepatoprotective activities. However, the precise molecular mechanism by which Mel alleviates the Cd-induced liver injury, as well as the Mel-gut microbiota interaction in liver health, remains unknown. In this study, mice were given oral gavage CdCl2 and Mel for 10 weeks before the collection of liver tissues and colonic contents. The role of the gut microbiota in Mel's efficacy in alleviating the Cd-induced liver injury was evaluated by the gut microbiota depletion technique in the presence of antibiotic treatment and gut microbiota transplantation (GMT). Our results revealed that the oral administration of Mel supplementation mitigated liver inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and mitophagy, improved the oxidation of fatty acids, and counteracted intestinal microbial dysbiosis in mice suffering from liver injury. It was interesting to find that neither Mel nor Cd administration induced any changes in the liver of antibiotic-treated mice. By adopting the GMT approach where gut microbiota collected from mice in the control (CON), Cd, or Mel + Cd treatment groups was colonized in mice, it was found that gut microbiota was involved in Cd-induced liver injury. Therefore, the gut microbiota is involved in the Mel-mediated mitigation of ER stress, liver inflammation and mitophagy, and the improved oxidation of fatty acids in mice suffering from Cd-induced liver injury.
Effects of the maternal gut microbiome and gut-placental axis on melatonin efficacy in alleviating cadmium-induced fetal growth restriction
(Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2022) Zhang, Hao; Liu, Xiaoyun; Zheng, Yi; Zha, Xia; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Zhang, Ying; Ma, Yi
Cadmium (Cd) is a major environmental stressor that induces fetal growth restriction (FGR). Also, changes in gut microbiome diversity-which can be modulated positively by melatonin (Mel) have implications on fetal development and placental functions. Therefore, this study aimed to explore whether the role of Mel in counteracting the Cd-induced FGR by regulating placental barrier injury, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and mitophagy in pregnant mice is mediated-in part-via the gut microbiota modulations. Pregnant mice were intraperitoneally injected with CdCl2 (5 mg/kg) and Mel (5 mg/kg) once daily, respectively, at the same time from gestational day (GD) 8 to GD18, and then the maternal colon and placental tissues were collected for detection. To investigate the inner relationship between intestinal flora and the protection of Mel on FGR caused by Cd, gut microbiota transplantation (GMT) was carried out from GD0 to GD18 after the removal of intestinal microbiota by antibiotics. Results indicated that Mel relieved barrier injury, ERS and mitophagy in the placenta, and reversed the maternal gut microbiota dysbiosis. The GMT approach suggested a role of intestinal microbiota in placental barrier injury, ERS and mitophagy induced by Cd. Overall, the results highlighted that the intestinal microbiota and gut-placental axis play a central role in the protective effect of Mel against Cd-induced FGR.
Exposure to blue LED light before the onset of darkness under a long-day photoperiod alters melatonin secretion, feeding behaviour and growth in female dairy calves
(Wiley, 2020) Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Mon, Mamiko; Takao, Yui; Shinoda, Akiko; Watanabe, Takashi; Kushibiki, Shiro; Obitsu, Taketo
The effect of blue LED on melatonin secretion, feeding behaviour and growth was addressed in Holstein female dairy calves. In Exp.1, six animals (8 weeks old, 97 +/- 4.1 kg BW) were exposed to yellow or blue LED for 2 hr before darkness over 7 days under a long-day photoperiod (LDPP). In Exp. 2, six animals (8 weeks old, 88.5 +/- 4.8 kg BW) were exposed to blue light from a white LED all daytime or a yellow LED for 2 hr before the darkness of LDPP (blue light cut) over 3 weeks. In Exp. 1, blue light mildly suppressed melatonin secretion during the 2-hr treatment but did not affect the timing of the nightly melatonin rise. However, the rise in nighty melatonin levels was higher with yellow than blue LED. In Exp. 2, white LED completely suppressed melatonin secretion during the 2-hr treatment, but plasma melatonin concentrations were similar during the darkness. Grass hay intake, rumination time, frequency of water intake and body weight gain were higher in animals exposed to the yellow rather than the white LED. Overall results indicate that exposure to blue light from white LEDs under an LDPP suppresses melatonin secretion and might negatively impact the development of female dairy calves.
Fruit processing by-products in the aquafeed industry: A feasible strategy for aquaculture sustainability
(Wiley, 2022) Dawood, Mahmoud A. O.; Habotta, Ola A. E.; Elsabagh, Mabrouk; Azra, Mohamad Nor; Van Doan, Hien; Kari, Zulhisyam Abdul; Sewilam, Hani
The aquaculture sector is steadily growing due to the increasing demand for healthy and cheap animal protein sources. Consequently, the high demand for nutritionally balanced aquafeed increases, but requires sustainable and feasible feed ingredients. However, the high cost of fish and soybean meals opens the door to looking for suitable non-traditional feed ingredients. The processing of fruits results in high amounts of waste and by-products, which are risky for the environment but rich in nutritional value. Recycling fruit waste in aquafeed is successfully applied and results in high growth performance, productivity and well-being of aquatic animals. Fruit by-products are also potential functional feed additives devoted to their high content of polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins, minerals, polysaccharides and peptides. As functional components, fruit by-products enhance the antioxidative and immune responses of aquatic animals and increase their tolerance for biotic and abiotic stressors. In light of reducing antimicrobial chemicals in aquaculture to mitigate antimicrobial resistance, dietary feed additives extracted from fruit by-products can be used as eco-friendly substances. The investigations involved in evaluating the incorporation of fruit by-products and their derivatives in aquafeeds are explored in this review. An overview of the possibility of using non-traditional plant products in aquaculture as a feasible and sustainable concept is addressed in this review. Academic knowledge with enough information for more development and research to maximise the utilisation of fruit by-products in the aquafeed industry is also enriched.

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