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Öğe An Optical Coherence Tomography Study that Supports the Neurovascular Basis of Schizophrenia Disease(Aves, 2022) Kurt, Aydin; Zor, Kursad Ramazan; Kucuk, Erkut; Yildirim, Gamze; Ersan, Etem ErdalObjectives: Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) is a non-penetrating, quick, and practical device which enables measurement of the chorioretinal layers. In this study, our purpose was to investigate the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and choroidal thickness in schizophrenia patients, using SD-OCT, and compare the -findings with those of the control group. Methods: For the study, 44 patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and 41 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled. Both eyes of each participant were-evaluated. RNFL was measured and analyzed automatically with optical coherence tomography. Scans for choroidal thickness were obtained with the enhanced depth imaging mode of the SD-OCT device and measured manually. Results: The average age of schizophrenia patients was 47.82, and it was 45.5 for the control group. The mean illness duration of the patients was 24.79 years. According to the results of this study, all choroidal measures (nasal, subfoveal, and temporal) of both eyes, and the RNFL thickness of schizophrenia patients, were significantly thinner than that of healthy controls. The chorioretinal measures of both eyes were similar. The results showed that a weak negative correlation was present between illness duration and choroidal diameter. Conclusion: In addition to demonstrating the thinning of RNFL in schizophrenia patients, as frequently reported in the literature, the results of this study show, for the first time, that choroidal thickness is considerably decreased in schizophrenia patients compared to the healthy controls, using SD-OCT. Keeping in mind that the choroid is a vascular layer, these results support the neurovascular hypothesis of schizophrenia.Öğe COMPARISON OF HOSPITALIZATION RATE AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONING OF PATIENTS RECEIVING COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH SERVICE AND OUTPATIENT PSYCHIATRY POLICLINIC(Medicinska Naklada, 2021) Kurt, Aydin; Ersan, Etem ErdalBackground: This study aimed to compare the hospitalization rates and social functioning of patients receiving Community Mental Health Center (CMHC) services and those treated in the psychiatry policlinics of hospitals. Subjects and methods: A total of 145 patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder according to DSM-V criteria were included in the study. Of them, 81 received CMHC services at least for one year (CMHC group) and 64 were followed-up in psychiatry policlinics (hospital group). A personal information form containing socio-demographic and disease/treatment characteristics and hospitalization counts in the last year, Social Functioning Assessment Scale (SFAS) and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) were used to collect data. The hospital group received antipsychotic medication therapy while a semi-structured psycho-social intervention program combined with antipsychotic drug therapy was applied in the CMHC group. The hospitalization counts, SFAS and PANSS scores of the groups were compared and the correlation of related factors were evaluated. Results: Hospitalization rates were 0.21 +/- 0.56 in the CMHC group and 1.03 +/- 1.31 in the hospital group. The mean hospitalization rate was significantly lower in the CMHC group (p<0.001). The mean scores for the overall SFAS and its interpersonal relationships and entertaining subscale; were significantly higher in the CMHC. The mean overall PANSS scores were 84.23 +/- 15.28 and 99.50 +/- 15.99 in the CMHC and hospital groups, respectively (p<0.05). There was a moderate positive relationship between hospitalization rates and all PANSS scores. Conclusions: CMHC services led to a serious decrease in hospitalization rates, increased the psychosocial functioning of patients and improved their compliance to treatment. Transition to a community-based mental health model should be accelerated for holistic treatment. Further longitudinal studies with a control group should be conducted.Öğe Comparison of self-stigma and subjective recovery status of patients receiving Community Mental Health Service and outpatient psychiatry policlinic(Kare Publ, 2021) Kurt, Aydin; Ersan, Etem Erdal; Savas, Ipek[Abstract Not Available]Öğe Effects of Hypnotherapy on Weight Loss and thus on Serum Leptin, Adiponectin, and Irisin Levels in Obese Patients(Mary Ann Liebert, Inc, 2020) Ersan, Serpil; Ersan, Etem ErdalObjective:This study aimed to investigate effects of hypnotherapy on weight loss and thus on leptin, adiponectin (ADP), and irisin levels in obese patients who presented to the psychiatry outpatient clinic to participate in hypnotherapy sessions to develop a healthy and balanced diet. Methods:The study sample included 32 individuals with a body mass index (BMI) of >= 30 and who completed the 10-week hypnotherapy. First, the Personal Information Form was handed out to the participants and then each participant's weight (in the morning on an empty stomach) and height were measured and BMI was determined. Five-milliliter blood samples were drawn before the first session, and then irisin, leptin, and ADP levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Then, they participated in hypnotherapy sessions once a week for 10 weeks. At the end of the 10-week hypnotherapy, 5 mL of blood was taken again and the aforementioned biochemical analyses were performed. BMIs were measured again. Results:The mean BMI values of the patients were 33.43 +/- 5.28 and 31.45 +/- 4.98 at the beginning and end of the hypnotherapy sessions, respectively. Serum leptin, ADP, and irisin levels, which were 9.48 +/- 5.48, 6.73 +/- 3.27, and 1.43 +/- 1.14, respectively, at the beginning of the hypnotherapy sessions, were 6.47 +/- 2.69, 7.68 +/- 3.34, and 1.53 +/- 1.21, respectively, at the end of the hypnotherapy sessions. The results showed that BMI and serum leptin levels decreased significantly after the hypnotherapy sessions, whereas serum ADP and irisin levels increased significantly. Conclusions:This study indicates that hypnotherapy in obesity treatment leads to weight loss in obese patients and thus to considerable changes in leptin, ADP, and irisin levels. Hypnotherapy is easy to apply, cheap, and effective; has no potential for side effects; and can be applied both alone and in combination with other treatments. However, to confirm its effects, further studies should be conducted on this issue.Öğe Hospitalization and Some Sociodemographic Characteristics of Patients Registered with a Community Mental Health Center(Springer, 2020) Ersan, Etem ErdalOne of the most important indicators evaluating the effectiveness of community mental health centers is the decrease in hospitalization rates of registered patients. The aim of our study was to compare the annual hospitalization rates of patients receiving community mental health services before enrollment with the annual hospitalization rates after enrollment. The study included 400 patients with a registration period of at least 1 year as of the end of 2018. Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to test the significance of the difference between pre-registration and post-registration patients' annual hospitalizations. The annual hospitalization rates (0.32 +/- 0.35) and the annual hospitalization rates (0.15 +/- 0.35) before and after registration were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). Annual hospitalization rates decreased by 54.58%. Our Community Mental Health Center, which provides community-based mental health services, has led to a significant decrease in annual hospitalization rates thanks to the services provided.Öğe Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Bipolar Disorder Patients and the Related Factors(Aves, 2023) Kurt, Aydin; Zor, Kuersad Ramazan; Bicer, Gamze Yildirim; Kuecuek, Erkut; Ersan, Etem ErdalBackground: This study's purpose is to determine the effects of current episode and the mood stabilizers on chorioretinal layer thicknesses of bipolar disorder (BD) patients using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods: Sixty-seven patients were diagnosed with BD I and using lithium (Li) or valproic acid (VPA), of whom 20 were manic, 24 were depressive, and 23 were in remission, and 49 healthy individuals were included in the study. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer, and macular thicknesses of the participants were measured automatically using SD-OCT, and their choroid layer thicknesses were measured manually using the depth imaging mode of SD-OCT. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.0. Results: The patient group's mean age was 39.78 +/- 11.78, and the control group's mean age was 42.06 +/- 12.10. The mean disease duration was 13.22 +/- 8.23 in the patient group, and 26 patients were using Li. While peripapillary RNFL thicknesses were lower in the patient group (P < .05), other layer measurements were similar between the groups. Moreover, the episodes experienced by BD patients did not affect chorioretinal SD-OCT measurements. The patients on VPA had significantly lower RNFL thicknesses compared to the control and the Li groups, and all chorioretinal measurements were similar between the Li and the control groups. Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was established that neurodegenerative processes play a role in the pathophysiology of BD and the usage of Li is protective against the neurodegeneration of RNFL. Retinal changes measured with SD-OCT can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of BD and for evaluating responses to mood stabilizers.Öğe The Effect of Hypnotherapy on Sleep Quality in Obesity Patients(Galenos Publ House, 2020) Ersan, Etem ErdalObjective: The aim of this study is to assess the effect of hypnotherapy on sleep quality levels of obesity patients, who applied to hypnotherapy for healthy and balanced nutrition. Materials and Methods: Studying group; consisted of 44 individuals who applied to a state hospital psychiatry outpatient clinic, who voluntarily agreed to participate in the study, who had a Body Mass index of 30 and above, and completed at least 10 weeks of sessions. Firstly, an information form was prepared for the participants and body mass index were determined. Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index was applied to each participant before starting to session. Then, hypnotherapy session was applied to participants for at least 10 weeks, one session per week. After at least 10 sessions of hypnotherapy, Body Mass index and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index were measured. The efficacy of hypnotherapy was assessed by the comparison of Body Mass index and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index at the beginning and end of the therapy. Results: Statistically significant differences were detected in the comparison of body mass index and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index scores before and after the hypnotherapy (p<0.001). There was no significant correlation between the scores of Body Mass index and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality index. Conclusion: This study showed that hypnotherapy in the treatment of obesity has a positive effect on sleep quality in obese patients. There is a need for new studies that will examine the effectiveness of this group by establishing a control group in more people and the long term.Öğe The effect of training given to parents with mentally disabled children on their life satisfaction self-stigma of seeking help depression and stress-coping styles(Sage Publications Ltd, 2020) Yildirim, Gulay; Ertekin Pinar, Sukran; Ucuk, Sultan; Duran Aksoy, Ozlem; Ersan, Etem ErdalBackground: It is important to identify problem areas of parents with mentally disabled children, to support them, to address their stress sources and to effectively cope with them. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of training given to parents with mentally disabled children on their life satisfaction, self-stigma of seeking help, depression and stress-coping styles. Material: Families with disabled children who continued their education at the Special Education Centers in Sivas created the sample of this pre- and post-test study (with control group). The data were collected with the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Self-Stigma of Seeking Psychological Help Scale (SSPHS) and the Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ). The scales were re-applied to the experimental group (n = 75) after the application of scales and 5-week training. Individuals in the control group were not given any training. The Mann-Whitney U test, t test and Kruskal-Wallis variance analysis were used in the evaluation of the data. Results: The mean SWLS score was 19.14 +/- 7.24 (min: 3; max: 31) before the training and 21.68 +/- 7.39 (min: 6; max: 35) after the training. The mean BDI score was 16.92 +/- 10.84 (min: 1; max: 60) before the training and 10.24 +/- 7.77 (min: 0; max: 33) after the training. The mean SSPHS score was 58.18 +/- 9.96 (min: 32; max: 82) before the training and 52.65 +/- 14.28 (min: 28; max: 84) after the training. The mean optimistic approach score of SSPHS was 9.73 +/- 2.67 (min: 2; max: 15) before the training and 10.58 +/- 2.19 (min: 4; max: 15) after the training. It was determined that the difference between mean scores of the control group before and after the training was not significant (p > .05). Conclusion: The training has positively affected the decrease in depression and self-stigmatization, and the increase in life satisfaction and stress-coping styles after the training. It is recommended to plan research studies to identify the need for support of parents, and to structure the trainings to be given according to the results of the educational intervention researches.
