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    A Molecular Investigation of Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae and blaKPC, blaNDM and blaOXA-48 Genes in Raw Milk
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2020) Al, Serhat; Hizlisoy, Harun; Ertas Onmaz, Nurhan; Karadal, Fulden; Barel, Mukaddes; Yildirim, Yeliz; Gonulalan, Zafer
    The success of antibiotic treatment has been negatively affected due to developing and spreading antimicrobial resistance all over the world. The present study was carried out to reveal the presence of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae and bla(KPC,) bla(NDM) and bla(OXA-48) genes responsible for carbapenem resistance in raw milk and to contribute to transmission dynamics and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem resistance, as well as the potential public health risks of milk. In Turkey, there is not sufficient data on the presence and the potential risks posed by carbapenem resistance in animal origin foods. A total of different 427 raw milk samples were collected and subjected to phenotypic microbiological analysis and conventional and Sybergreen real-time PCR targeting bla(KPC,) bla(NDM) and bla(OXA-48) genes. In the phenotypic analyses, suspicious isolates were identified by Vitek-2 compact system and antibiotic resistance profiles were revealed. Two Stenotrophomonas maltophilia inherently resistant to carbapenems were detected in raw milk samples. Acquired carbapenem resistance and related genes were not found in any of the milk samples. The present study revealed that milk is not epidemiologically involved in the transmission of carbapenem resistance. In order to prevent the environmental distribution of antibiotic resistant microorganisms, control of antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine should be maintained.
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    Antibiotic Resistance Gene Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Foods of Animal Origin
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2018) Hizlisoy, Harun; Ertas Onmaz, Nurhan; Karadal, Fulden; Al, Serhat; Yildirim, Yeliz; Gonulalan, Zafer; Kilic, Huseyin
    In this study, the investigation of the antibiotic resistance gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from foods of animal origin was aimed. Totally, 95 S. aureus strains, obtained during a period between 2009 and 2012, from culture collection of the Food Hygiene and Technology Laboratory, were examined. The isolates were confirmed by phenotypic tests and PCR. The antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were analyzed by disc diffusion method and the minimal inhibition concentrations of the antibiotics were determined by E test. PCR were also utilized for determining the presence of resistance genes including blaZ, ermA, ermC, tetK, tetM, mecA, VanA, VanB, VatA, VatB and aacA-aphD. Resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, vancomycin, erythromycin, cefoxitin, gentamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin were evident as 81.1%, 28.4%, 18.9%, 17.9%, 9.4%, 9.4% and 3.2% respectively. E test results were compatible with the disc diffusion method. Multidrug resistance was observed from 29.5% of S. aureus isolates. Positive compatibility was observed between conventional methods and PCR for the resistance of the isolates, except for vancomycin. In addition, all of the tested isolates found to include a resistance gene for at least one antibiotic. In conclusion, more efficient interventions must be followed to control the redundant use of antibiotics in veterinary practice. Furthermore, appropriate control measures are needed to be implemented to reduce contamination and the spread of multiresistant S. aureus strains.
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    The determination of meat species by PCR-RFLP method using mitochondrial ND4 gene in pastirma, a traditional dry cured meat product
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Al, Serhat; Hizlisoy, Harun; Ertas Onmaz, Nurhan; Karadal, Fulden; Gungor, Candan; Yildirim, Yeliz; Gonulalan, Zafer
    Pastirma is a high value, traditional, dry cured, and edible coated meat product. For economic and sociocultural reasons, it is important to know which meat species are used in pastirma. The present study aims to carry out the determination of the meat species in pastirma. A total of 144 pastirma samples were collected from different stores. After genomic DNA isolation, the total DNAs obtained were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specially designed novel primers amplifying the mitochondrial ND4 (MT-ND4) gene region, specific for cattle (Bos taurus), water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), horse (Equus caballus), and donkey (Equus asinus) species. For the identification of the meat species, gel purified 952 bp PCR products were digested with fast digest SaqAI restriction enzymes selected based on preliminary in silico analyses. The results of the present study revealed that all of the pastirma samples were made from cattle meat. Cross-reactions and false-positive identifications are serious problems in routine determination of the meat species in food control laboratories. It is important to perform fast, inexpensive determination with high sensitivity and specificity for the identification of meat species. This study has shown that meat species can be detected with high specificity in products such as pastirma, which uses large pieces of meat cuts.