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Öğe Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improve the growth and phosphorus uptake of mung bean plants fertilized with composted rock phosphate fed dung in alkaline soil environment(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2019) Wahid, Fazli; Sharif, Muhammad; Fahad, Shah; Adnan, Muhammad; Khan, Imtiaz Ali; Aksoy, Emre; Ali, AmjadInoculation effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on phosphorus (P) transfer from composted dung of cattle with a diet supplemented with powdered rock phosphate (RP) and their successive uptake by mung bean plants was assessed in alkaline soil. The efficacy of composted RP fed dung alone or/and in combination with AMF inoculums containing six different species were compared with SSP in six replicates per treatment in pots. The results showed that the association of AMF with composted RP fed dung had a positive effect on mung bean shoot (3.04 g) and root (2.62 g) biomass, chlorophyll (a, b), carotenoid contents and N (58.38 mg plant(-1)) and P (4.61 mg plant(-1)) uptake. Similarly, the percent roots colonization (56%) and nodulation of mung bean plant roots and their post-harvest soil properties were also improved by the inoculation of AMF together with composted RP fed dung. It is concluded that the combined application of AMF with composted RP fed dung has almost the same effect as SSP for improving mung bean plants growth and their nutrients uptake. Moreover, AMF inoculants can be used as a suitable biofertilizer in combination with locally available organic sources of fertilizers for improving P status and growth of plants in alkaline soils.Öğe Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) Control through Interference by Summer Crops(Friends Science Publ, 2019) Iqbal, Javaid; Ditommaso, Antonio; Rehmani, Muhammad Ishaq Asif; Jabran, Khawar; Hussain, Safdar; Nasim, Wajid; Fahad, ShahThis study evaluated the suppressive effect of several important summer crops on purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) growth and reproduction for two growing seasons under greenhouse conditions. Mungbean [Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek], cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), millet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.], sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) were grown in monocultures and with ten sprouted C. rotundus tubers transplanted at 14 days after sowing of crop. At 75 days, different crops in the study reduced the growth of C. rotundus by 1-88%. However, the weight per tuber increased in the crop-weed mixture treatments relative to C. rotundus grown alone. Sesame was the most effective crop in suppressing C. rotundus in terms of different growth parameters (25-88%), followed by cowpea (14-85%) and millet (26-74%). Cotton and groundnut were found least suppressive to C. rotundus. Reduction in crop growth due to C. rotundus interference ranged from 2-46% and was more pronounced in root growth (4-46%) than the other crop growth and yield parameters. The adverse effect of C. rotundus was greater for millet, green gram and cowpea than for cotton and sesame. Our findings suggest that sesame can effectively suppress C. rotundus, and different cultivars of sesame may be evaluated under field conditions for their weed suppressing ability. (C) 2019 Friends Science PublishersÖğe WEED MANAGEMENT AND HERBICIDE RESISTANT WEEDS: A CASE STUDY FROM WHEAT GROWING AREAS OF PAKISTAN(Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2019) Hashim, Saima; Jan, Asad; Fahad, Shah; Ali, Hafiz Haider; Mushtaq, Muhammad Naeem; Laghari, Karim Bux; Jabran, KhawarEvolution of herbicide resistance in weeds is among the serious challenges that agriculture face today. In Pakistan herbicide use over last 6 decades has enabled earlier planting of short-season crops and improved weed control in wheat as well as other cropping systems. This has greatly favored the use of more and more herbicides. Conversely, this exercise increased the evolution of resistant biotypes. Wheat being Pakistan's number one staple crop faces daunting weeds problem. In order to understand the status of herbicide resistant weeds in wheat fields, survey was conducted for two consecutive years (2015-2017) in different regions of Pakistan. A questionnaire was designed to collect data from three hundred farmers randomly selected in all four provinces of Pakistan on herbicides used in wheat, history of crop cultivation regimes and weed species that have seized to respond to field rates of herbicides. Seed of suspected biotypes were collected from the survey sites and preserved in our gene pool for the confirmation of the resistance in the laboratory by bioassay and molecular level in future. Farmers (96%) perceived that Phalaris minor Retz. was the most important annual weed of wheat crop followed by Avena fatua L. (94%). Customarily, three aryloxyphenoxy propionate herbicides, clodinafop-propargyl, fenoxaprop-P-ethyl and diclofop-methyl were used to control different grass weeds such as P. minor, A. sativa L. and A. fatua. In farmers' opinion, high yield of wheat was associated with the continuous use of these herbicides. Resistance-suspicious weeds were reported from all studied areas (Punjab, KPK, Sindh, and Baluchistan provinces) in fields with the herbicide use history of five to seven years or more. This study suggests that for long-term avoidance of herbicide resistance, in our wheat growing systems we will require embracing practices that decrease selection pressures favoring resistant weeds. Achieving these goals requires an understanding of the evolution and dynamics of resistant populations. It is recommended that for the effective management of resistant populations of P. minor and A. fatua, farmers' education on ecologically sustainable weed management is critically important. This study will provide a basis for examining the questions that are relevant to understanding herbicide resistance evolution in Pakistan and that may help determine appropriate weed management strategies.
