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    A global perspective of education in weed science
    (Cambridge Univ Press, 2023) Ahmad, Taseer; Jabran, Khawar; Cheema, Zahid Ata; Bajwa, Ali Ahsan; Farooq, Muhammad
    In modern agriculture, weed problems are predicted to worsen and become more complicated as a result of increasing invasiveness, herbicide resistance, and emphasis on high-input methods. Weeds cause huge economic yield losses that range from US$100 million to US$26 billion globally. The knowledge of weed science has offered success in the past through effective, reasonably priced, and secure technologies; specifically, synthetic herbicides to effectively control weeds in agroecosystems. Weed science is accepted and adopted by many universities with teaching, research, and/or extension programs in agriculture. Globally, approximately 7% of all the universities offering agricultural education have dedicated weed science departments focusing on weed biology, ecology, and management. Some universities also offer weed science degree programs or at least certain courses in their degrees related to associated disciplines, such as plant protection, agronomy, and ecology. Although substantial advances have been made in weed science, such as a separate weed science discipline, specialized journals, and specific weed science societies and conferences worldwide, many constraints (e.g., lack of trained weed scientists) and barriers to adoption of new weed science technologies remain. Slow modernization in weed science research and low funding has slowed the progress of this discipline. New curricula in the weed science discipline should focus on the role of biochemistry, evolutionary biology, molecular biology, and genetics in weed science research.
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    Curricula Transformations and Alternative Pedagogical Approaches for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment
    (Friends Science Publishers, 2023) Rehman, Abdul; Jabran, Khawar; Farooq, Muhammad
    Alternative pedagogical approaches and curriculum transformations are crucial for promoting sustainable agriculture and environmental education. Conventional pedagogical approaches to teaching these subjects often rely on lecture-based methods and rote learning, which can limit students’ engagement and critical thinking skills. Alternative pedagogical approaches, such as transdisciplinary education, experiential learning, problem-based learning, project-based learning, and hybrid learning, offer opportunities for student-centered and hands-on learning experiences. These pedagogical methods allow students to utilize their knowledge and skills in addressing real-life problems and projects, resulting in increased involvement and a deeper level of learning, enhancing comprehension of sustainable agriculture and the environment. Additionally, curriculum transformations that integrate agriculture sustainability and environmental education across disciplines and provide interdisciplinary experiences can support a more holistic understanding of these complex and interrelated issues. The integration of innovative alternative pedagogical tools and curriculum changes within the realm of sustainable agriculture and environmental education is crucial in fostering the development of future researchers, farmers, and policymakers, who possess the necessary skills and knowledge to tackle the intricate challenges of promoting sustainability in agriculture and the environment. © 2023 Friends Science Publishers © 2023 Friends Science Publishers
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    Impact of climate change on biology and management of wheat pests
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Bajwa, Ali A.; Farooq, Muhammad; Al-Sadi, Abdullah M.; Nawaz, Ahmad; Jabran, Khawar; Siddique, Kadambot H. M.
    Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production is vital to global food security. Climate change is threatening sustainable wheat production not only with direct negative effects on crop growth but also with a profound impact on pest biology and management. This review presents a critical analysis of the impact of key climate change elements, including drought, high temperature and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on biology, ecology and behaviour of wheat pests. Climate change is expected to favour the growth, virulence, multiplication, persistence and range expansion of most serious wheat pests. Rapid climatic changes are opening new geographic windows for disease outbreaks, insect attacks and weed infestations in wheat crops across the globe. Wheat-pest interactions are also favourable for pests in most cases where one or more climate change elements come into play. Existing pest management options are not successful under these circumstances. Climate change has a direct negative effect on the efficacy of existing control options, which increases pest virulence and their competitive ability, pest resistance to pesticides and pest-environment interactions, leading to inadequate pest control and substantial crop yield losses. Integrated pest management approaches, based on innovative and traditional pest control strategies, may be more appropriate in the changing climate. Proactive measures, including early detection and eradication by frequent pest-scouting, preventive control, and forecasting of potential outbreaks or new introductions by predictive modelling, could help in this regard. A better understanding of the changing pest biology, interactions and management strategies presented here is inevitable for successful pest management and sustainable wheat production under the changing climate.
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    Relay Intercropping Improves Growth and Fiber Quality of Bt Cotton
    (Friends Science Publ, 2019) Shah, Muhammad Asghar; Hussain, Mubshar; Nawaz, Ahmad; Jabran, Khawar; Farooq, Shahid; Farooq, Muhammad
    The optimal time of wheat harvest is the second fortnight of April, while Bt cotton is sown in March in cotton-based cropping systems of Pakistan. There is a time conflict of four to six weeks between harvesting of wheat and sowing of Bt cotton. Relay-intercropping of cotton in wheat crop near to maturity could help to resolve the conflict. The information regarding the effect of relay-intercropping on growth and quality of cotton is scanty. This two-year study compared the growth and fiber quality of relay-intercropped Bt cotton (sown in early/late March) in standing wheat crop with conventionally-tilled (CT) cotton planted after wheat harvest in late April. The relay-intercropped cotton was sown on ridges/beds in wheat, whereas CT cotton was sown after wheat harvest in late April or sown on fallow land in early or late March at Multan and Vehari sites. The CT Bt cotton grown on fallow land in early March had the best performance as indicated by plant growth and fiber quality. However, the relay-intercropped Bt cotton in bed-sown wheat had better growth and fiber quality than the CT cotton planted after wheat harvest in late April. At both sites, the taller plants and higher biomass production were recorded in relay-intercropped Bt cotton in bed-sown wheat in early March as compared with the CT cotton sown after harvest of flat-sown wheat in late April. Fiber firmness, its uniformity, length and strength were also improved in the relay-intercropped Bt cotton in bed-sown wheat in early March as compared to CT cotton sown after wheat harvest in late April. In conclusion, relay intercropping of Bt cotton in the standing wheat during early March improved plant growth and fiber quality in cotton-wheat cropping system. (C) 2019 Friends Science Publishers
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    The Impact of Different Crop Rotations by Weed Management Strategies' Interactions on Weed Infestation and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
    (Mdpi, 2021) Shahzad, Muhammad; Hussain, Mubshar; Jabran, Khawar; Farooq, Muhammad; Farooq, Shahid; Gasparovic, Kristina; Barboricova, Maria
    Weed infestations significantly reduce the growth and yield of field crops. Herbicides are mostly used for weed management due to their quick results. However, resistant biotypes to available herbicides are rapidly increasing around the word. This situation calls for the development of alternative weed management strategies. Crop rotation and allelopathic water extracts are regarded as the most important alternative weed management strategies. Therefore, this two-year study assessed the impact of different annual crop rotations by weed management strategies' interactions on weed infestation and productivity of wheat crop. Wheat was planted in five rotations, i.e., (i) fallow-wheat, (ii) rice-wheat, (iii) cotton-wheat, (iv) mungbean-wheat and (v) sorghum-wheat. The weed management strategies included in the study were; (i) false seedbed, (ii) application of 12 L ha(-1) allelopathic plant water extracts (1:1:1:1 ratio of sorghum, sunflower, mulberry and eucalyptus), (iii) herbicide application, (iv) weed-free (weed control) and (v) weedy-check (no weed control). Herbicide application was the most effective treatment in lowering weed densities and biomass during both years followed by false seedbed, while allelopathic crop water extracts were least effective. The lowest weed infestation was noted in sorghum-wheat rotation followed by cotton-wheat and mungbean-wheat, while fallow-wheat had the highest weed infestation. Weedy-check treatment caused significant reduction in wheat growth and yield, whereas the highest grain yield was recorded from weed-free and herbicide application treatments. Grain yield of wheat planted after sorghum was suppressed; however, yield improved when wheat was planted after mungbean. Planting wheat after mungbean in a weed-free environment, achieved through chemical and/or mechanical means, is the best strategy to obtain higher wheat yields.
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    Water-Wise Cultivation of Basmati Rice in Pakistan
    (wiley, 2022) Matloob, Amar; Jabran, Khawar; Farooq, Muhammad; Khaliq, Abdul; Aslam, Farhena; Abbas, Tasawer; Ehsanullah
    Basmati rice grown in Pakistan has a world over importance owing to its fragrant long grains and premium cooking quality. Further, the rice plays a significant role in fetching high foreign exchange and feeding nearly 200 million people in the country. The conventional rice system of Pakistan is characterized with puddling, enormous water supplies, and high energy input. Water-saving rice cultivation systems are highly desired in the wake of grievous water shortage and drought conditions with the subsequent objective of saving water for irrigating other crops. This would importantly help to ensure food security in the country. The water-saving rice cultivation methods including aerobic rice, alternate wetting and drying, system of rice intensification, and growing rice on raised beds can be the most suitable alternatives to the conventionally sown rice. Nonetheless, the high weed prevalence, quick moisture loss, and higher spikelet sterility are the major obstacles in widespread adoption of water-saving rice systems. Application of certain herbicides can be helpful in controlling the weeds; while mulching may not only conserve the soil moisture but also suppress the weeds in water-saving rice systems. Use of breeding and biotechnological approaches to develop cultivars which are well adapted to the water-saving rice cultivation conditions would help in improved yield and water productivity in these systems. © The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2022.