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    Application of Water Quality Index for the Assessment the Water Quality in River Lepenci
    (Polskie Towarzystwo Inzynierii Ekologicznej (PTIE), 2022) Rizani, Smajl; Feka, Fidan; Fetoshi, Osman; Durmishi, Bujar; Shala, Shkumbin; Çadraku, Hazir; Bytyçi, Pajtim
    The physicochemical parameters of water play an important role in determining aquatic life and its development. In this study, the water quality index is used in order to assess the water quality in river Lepenci River. For the calculations of this index, eighteen physicochemical parameters were analysed, which were measured in 3 years during the years 2009, 2010 and 2014 in three stations of the main flow of river Lepenci during all months of the years. From the results, it is concluded that the better quality of water was in station SP1-Brezovica with a WQI value of 83 and it belongs to the Good category, lower quality of water has been shown in station SP3-Hani Elezit with a WQI value of 53 belonging to the marginal category. The average value for all measurement periods resulted in 70.44 which has shown that the water quality of the river Lepenci, based on the physicochemical parameters, belongs to the Fair category. Based on these results, we conclude Water quality impairment is mainly associated with an increase in population, urbanization, industrialization, and agricultural production, among others, and the development of ecotourism and hospitality in high areas near the source areas. © 2022, Polskie Towarzystwo Inzynierii Ekologicznej (PTIE). All rights reserved.
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    Groundwater quality assessment using the water quality index: case study in the north-western part of Drini i Bardhe River basin, Kosovo
    (Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2022) Cadraku, Hazir S.; Laha, Fisnik; Gashi, Fatbardh; Fetoshi, Osman
    Drinking water sources are susceptible to pollutants depending on geological conditions and agricultural, industrial and other human activities. Water quality assessment has always been a major part of environmental management plans. The water quality index (WQI) method plays an important role and is a powerful tool for analysing the overall water quality. The purpose of this study was to analyse and present the results for the quality of groundwater in the north-western part of the Drini i Bardhe River basin, Kosovo, based on data that were collected from 50 sampling points, 48 different wells (dug and drilled) and two springs in November 2018-January 2019. Through this work, it has been possible to provide authentic information on this study area to the public, who use these waters for water supply, irrigation and other purposes. Processing, analysis and interpretation of the results are based on statistical methods, water quality standards and the WQI method. The completion of the study followed a scientific research work methodology based on field and laboratory studies. For calculating the WQI, groundwater samples were analysed in terms of 13 physico-chemical parameters - namely, T, pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, sodium (Na+) ions, calcium (Ca2+) ions, magnesium (Mg2+) ions, potassium (K+) ions, bicarbonates (HCO3 (-)), chlorides (Cl-), sulfates (SO4 (2-)) and nitrates (NO3 (-)). Based on the results obtained and a comparison with World Health Organization standards, it was shown that the parameters of the groundwater are within the allowed limit values for drinking water. The values obtained for the WQIs of the groundwater samples from the north-western part of the Drini i Bardhe River basin, Kosovo, range from 11 to 116, indicating that these waters are mainly in good and excellent condition, and only sample SP40 had water unfit for consumption.
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    The Macrophyte Indices for Rivers to Assess the Ecological Conditions in the Klina River in the Republic of Kosovo
    (Mdpi, 2022) Bytyci, Pajtim; Shala-Abazi, Albona; Zhushi-Etemi, Ferdije; Bonifazi, Giuseppe; Hyseni-Spahiu, Mimoza; Fetoshi, Osman; Cadraku, Hazir
    Macrophytes are important elements of aquatic ecosystems that grow in or near water. Their taxonomic composition, species diversity, depth, and density are indicators of environmental health; as such, Macrophytes are used to assess the ecological status of water bodies. Under the aim of assessing the ecological status of the Klina River in Kosovo, a survey was conducted at eight sampling sites along the river course to analyze macrophyte composition, diversity, density, and cover. Three samples were collected at each sampling site from early June to late September. The following macrophyte indices were used to assess the ecological status of the river: Macrophyte Index for Rivers (MIR), River Macrophyte Nutrient Index (RMNI), and River Macrophyte Hydraulic Index (RMHI). Our sampling area included the upper reaches of the river where no organic pollution was detected (oligotrophic), the middle reaches where polluted water from farms is discharged into the river, and the lower reaches characterized by heavy organic pollution from settlements and various industrial activities. There is a positive correlation (p < 0.05) between water temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), orthophosphates (PO43-), ammonia (NH4+), nitrites (NO2-), calcium (Ca2+), and potassium (K+) with plant density, RMNI, RMHI, EQR-RMNI, EQR-RMHI, and MIR. Sodium (Na+) has stronger positive correlation (p < 0.01) with RMNI and RMHI indices and negative correlation with EQR-RMNI and EQR-RMHI. Our results show that ecological status along the river varies from high and good upstream to poor, bad, and moderate running downstream.