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Öğe Agriculture and Crop Protection; Its Global Importance and Relationship with Climate Change(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Florentine, Singarayer; Chauhan, Bhagirath Singh; Jabran, KhawarAgricultural practice, which includes well-established systems of cropping, pasture and forestry, represents a continual and essential dependence on healthy arable land across the globe and requires safeguarding with sustainable fertilization and pest control measures. This natural resource system must be continually protected from deliberate and inadvertent damage, in order to provide a suitable source of current and future amenities for all inhabitants of the planet. In this respect, it is morally and ethically necessary that we strive to manage the productivity and well-being of agricultural land in a way that will fulfil the necessities of the present generations and do not compromise needs of the future generations (Bruntland et al. 2012). © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.Öğe Assuring Crop Protection in the Face of Climate Change Through an Understanding of Herbicide Metabolisms and Enhanced Weed Control Strategies(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Kaur, Simerjeet; Jabran, Khawar; Florentine, Singarayer; Chauhan, Bhagirath S.The prevention and management of weeds have been difficult throughout the history of food production. We are now entering into a new era where new challenges are arising more rapidly due in part to the rapid population growth, which places an unprecedented demand upon both natural and agricultural ecosystems to fulfil food, fibre, and feed for at least another two billion people by 2050. Climatic change is associated with a higher frequency of extreme weather events, and it is generally agreed that this will have a drastic impact on ecosystem productivity and biodiversity. The present world atmospheric temperature has increased by 1.0 °C since 1900 with half of this rise coming in the past 30 years. Crop production is directly affected by the direct effects of climate change (temperature and water stress) and indirect effects of increased competition from weeds and other pest species. In a field situation, crop plants are inevitably surrounded by an assemblage of C3 and C4 plants, and a considerable variation in the growth response of weeds to climate change have been reported. In this chapter, we present an overview of the impact of temperature rise, carbon dioxide increase, and changed rainfall patterns on weed composition, distribution, abundance, and our current approaches to weed management. There is a high risk that some weed species will shift their range with the change in temperature and precipitation patterns. The efficacy of chemical weed control depends on the environmental conditions before, during and after the herbicide application. The changes in physiology, morphology, and anatomy of plants will result in altered weed growth, crop-weed competition, and herbicide efficacy under elevated temperature and/or carbon dioxide. Global warming may increase the risk of evolution of nontarget site resistance mechanisms against herbicides in the weed plants and thus decrease herbicide efficacy. The anticipated actions in these areas are also discussed in the end which may enhance our understanding of the impact of climate change on the practice and future of weed management and crop production. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.Öğe Crop Protection Under Changing Climate(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Jabran, Khawar; Florentine, Singarayer; Chauhan, Bhagirath SinghThis book addresses the impact of important climatic changes on plant pests (including weeds, diseases and insect pests), and their interactions with crop plants. Anthropogenic activities have seriously impacted the global climate. As a result, carbon dioxide (CO2) and temperature levels of the earth are on a continuous rise. The global temperature is expected to increase by a 3°C or more by the end of this century. The CO2 concentration was below 300 parts per million (ppm) before the start of the industrial era; however, recently it has exceeded 400 ppm. This is highest ever in human history. Other than global warming and elevated CO2 concentrations, anthropogenic activities have also disturbed the global water cycle, ultimately, impacting the quantity and distribution of rainfall. This has resulted in drought conditions in many parts of the world. Global warming, elevated CO2 concentration and drought are considered the most important recent climatic changes that are impacting global ecosystems and human societies. Among other impacts, the effects of climatic changes on pests, pest-crop interactions and pest control are important with relevance to global food security, and hence require immediate attention by plant scientists. This book discusses innovative and the most effective pest control methods under an environment of changing climate and elaborates on the impact of drought on plant pests and their control. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.Öğe Impacts of Climate Change on Weeds, Insect Pests, Plant Diseases and Crop Yields: Synthesis(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Jabran, Khawar; Florentine, Singarayer; Chauhan, Bhagirath SinghThree distinct components of climate change in the recent times are warming of the earth, increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and erratic changes in water availability to plants. These changes in the global climate not only impact the growth and life cycles of plants but also affect their pests. Recent research demonstrates that the effects of climate change on pests, pesticides (their efficacy and post-application chemistry) and pest management are complex. This is important to document changes in the behaviour of pests and pesticides in the wake of climate change and propose pest management strategies accordingly. Nevertheless, non-chemical methods and integrated pest management will play an important role in sustainable pest control under climate change. Further, the effects of climate change factors on crop protection and crop production are desired to be understood in order to maintain the global food supplies and global food security. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.
