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    An inventory of coastal spits of the eastern Mediterranean and Black seas
    (Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2022) Kazancı, Nizamettin; Gürbüz, Esra; Özgüneylioğlu, Aysen; Gürbüz, Alper; Boyraz-Aslan, Sonay; Erturaç, M. Korhan; Günok, Emine
    Coastal spits are low-lying landforms at the depositional shores and seem to be relatively young and vulnerable formations formed under the control of both terrestrial and marine environments. These features reflect the sedimentary and hydrodynamic characteristics of the relevant shores. They can develop in critical environmental conditions depending on high sediment supplies and shallow coastal platform settings with relatively low energies. Therefore, spits play a crucial role in understanding and interpreting the development of relevant coasts. In this study, we examined the shores of the eastern Mediterranean Sea and the Black Sea based partly on field observations and mostly on remote sensing analyses. In addition, we correlated the modern and older spit examples of the Azov Sea based on detailed maps prepared by an English marine explorer approximately two hundred years ago. Correlation shows that spits were destructed in time, diminishing their width by about one-fourth. The eastern Mediterranean region includes 82 spits, some of which are the longest examples in the world, reaching 112 km long (Lake Bardawill at the Levant Sea and Arabat at the Black Sea). Nearly half of them are shorter than 1000 m. We observed 18 spits (22% of total spits) along the coasts of the Levant Sea, 16 (19.5%) in the Aegean Sea, and 7 (8.5%) in the Sea of Marmara, and 41 (%50) in the Black Sea. 35 (42.7%) of them are seen on the coasts of Türkiye, which has the longest coast in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. A relative abundance of spits in the study area is found at the northeastern coasts of the Black Sea from Batumi to the Crimean Peninsula. Correlations within the studied coasts inspire that sediment supply and waves are the most effective agents for the development of spits. However, all are threatened by anthropogenic factors due to either touristic activities or sand mining. An efficient conservation program for the eastern Mediterranean Sea coasts is urgently needed. © 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Switzerland AG.
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    Paleoenvironments of the Cappadocia region during the Neogene and Quaternary, central Turkey
    (Springer Science and Business Media B.V., 2019) Gürbüz, Alper; Saraç, Gerçek; Yavuz, Nurdan
    The Cappadocia region located in the centre of Anatolia is mainly known because of its Neogene and Quaternary volcanism and related geomorphology showing spectacular erosional landscapes. However, in contrast to its relatively well-studied volcanic and geomorphic history, studies on its sedimentary deposits together with its environmental and climatic history are still few. In this study, we outline the paleoenvironments of the Cappadocia region through sedimentological and paleontological data. We interpreted five Neogene and Quaternary depositional environments based on 29 lithofacies described in this study, and mammal and pollen fossil contents described by previous studies in the study area. Three terrestrial packages in these periods mainly represented by fluvial and lacustrine environments were elaborated through facies descriptions. Lithofacies variations in each of these successions indicate deposition in highly dynamic environments. The middle Miocene succession is mostly represented by braided river deposits expressing deposition in a relatively high energetic environment, whereas the late Miocene–Pliocene units similarly indicate a braided river system, but was dominated by lacustrine and floodplain facies intercalated with large amount of volcanic products. Quaternary sediments in the region deposited in similar environments mainly filling the large sedimentary basins bounded by active faults and around the recent riverbeds. As pointed out by palynological data, the northern part of the Cappadocia region was dominated by arboreal taxa during the middle Miocene relative to following periods, and there is a general trend of increase in steppic herbs since the early late Miocene consistent with paleoenvironmental and paleoclimatic data collected from the entire Eastern Mediterranean region. Mammal fossil content of the sedimentary and volcanoclastic units in the study area, which are correlative with stratigraphic levels where palynological studies were carried out, also indicates an herb-dominated relatively arid ecosystem since the late Miocene. Faunal data in this time coincide with a dramatic diversification in Anatolia caused by regional tectonics driven by continental collision between the Eurasian and Arabian plates in the east. While the neotectonics and climatic conditions shaped the current landscape of Anatolia mainly during the early–middle Pleistocene, insufficient mammal and pollen data from this time interval still make the early Quaternary evolution of the Cappadocia region a debate. On the other hand, detailed and robustly dated palynological data from the late Pleistocene–Holocene of the region establish a gradual increase of arboreal taxa during the early Holocene, while it is characterized by an increase in steppic herbs in the late Holocene. In addition, as a result of its very rich cultural history, anthropogenic factors should have influenced this environmental change during this period, as evidenced in several locations throughout Anatolia. © 2019, Springer Nature Switzerland AG.