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    Assessment of susceptibility of different rootstock/variety combinations of pear to Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri and experimental transmission studies by Cacopsylla pyri
    (Springer, 2022) Caglayan, Kadriye; Gazel, Mona; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Kaya, Kamuran
    In this study, efficient transmission ways of 'Ca. P. pyri' which causes Pear Decline (PD) disease and response of different rootstock-scion combinations to this pathogen were evaluated. For graft transmission trials, fifty BA29 clonal rootstocks were grafted with buds taken from a 'Ca. P. pyri' infected pear tree, cv. Deveci, and the transmission rate was found to be 8% according to PCR/RFLP analyses. Growth retardation was detected in some grafted plants but the specific reddening symptoms for PD were not observed during the 2 years of observation. Cacopsylla pyri L., playing important role for the transmission of pear decline phytoplasma in open field, was used for experimental transmission trials. It has been shown that it can acquire phytoplasma (in 1 day) and transmit it (in 2 weeks to healthy pear saplings). Therefore it was revealed that C. pyri plays an important role in pear decline epidemiology. When the response of several rootstock-scion combinations to 'Ca. P. pyri'was evaluated over two vegetative periods by visual monitoring of symptom development and by PCR analyses, two Santa Maria and one Williams plants grafted on OHF333 and one Deveci plant grafted on P. communis were found infected by 'Ca. P. pyri', but no infection was detected in a local cv. Ankara grafted on any rootstocks. Among the commercial cultivars, our local cv. Deveci was found the most sensitive and cv. Ankara was the most tolerant. The use of healthy plant materials, as well as the appropriate control of the vector will play an important role in disease control.
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    Detection and partial characterization of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 in pomegranate trees in Turkey
    (SPRINGER, 2016) Caglayan, Kadriye; Elci, Eminur; Gazel, Mona
    Foliar virus-like symptoms consisting of yellowing, chlorotic spots, oak-leaf and vein clearing were observed on pomegranate cultivar Hicaz in Hatay province of Turkey in 2013. Three symptomatic out of 23 pomegranate samples reacted to Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 1 (GLRaV-1) antibodies in DAS-ELISA. In order to confirm the presence of GLRaV-1 in pomegranate, total RNA extracted from petiole samples was used in RT-PCR using specific primers designed on sequences of the heat-shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h), coat protein (CP), coat protein duplicate 2 (CPd2) and open reading frame 9 (p24) genes of GLRaV-1. Amplicons were only obtained from symptomatic pomegranate samples for the CP, CPd2, and p24 genes but, unlike for GLRaV-1 isolates from grapevine, no amplicon was obtained for the HSP70h gene of GLRaV-1 isolates from pomegranate. The CP, CPd2 and p24 genes of GLRaV-1 from pomegranate (accession no. KP411914-KP411922) had 91-94 % nucleotide sequence identity with GLRaV-1 isolates from grapevine. Phylogenetic analyses reconstructed using the neighbor joining method showed a clustering of GLRaV-1 isolates from pomegranate and grapevine. These results suggest that pomegranate could be an alternate host for GLRaV-1.
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    Detection of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’in different pear tissues and sampling time by PCR-RFLP analyses
    (2020) Gazel, Mona; Serçe, Çiğdem Ulubaş; Öztürk, Harun; Çağlayan, Kadriye
    Aims: In this study, the best sampling time and tissues for phytoplasmadetection in twenty pear trees (cv. Deveci) infected by ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma pyri’, causal agent of pear decline disease, in Bursa provinceof Turkey were investigated.Methods and Results: Sampling was done throughout the year in leafmidribs, shoot and root tissues, where as the flower tissues were testedonce a year in March and fruit tissues in September. All samples wereanalyzed by nested-PCR using P1/P7 and fU5/rU3 universal primer pairs.Nested PCR products were digested with RsaI and SspI restriction enzymes.The results revealed that the detection rate of ‘Ca. P. pyri’ in different planttissues was greatly depending on the sample collection period. The fruittissues, which were only sampled in September due to the ripening timeof Deveci pear cultivar in Bursa, showed the highest detection rate of ‘Ca.P. pyri’ (100%) followed by flower tissues (75%). The average detectionrate in root, shoot tissues and leaf midribs was found as 43.75, 39.58 and16.25%, respectively. The present results showed that the best planttissues for detecting ‘Ca. P. pyri’ in pear trees were fruit columella andflowers. The highest detection rate of this phytoplasma in root tissues wasfound from November to March, whereas it could be detected whole yeararound except summer months in shoot samples in Turkey.Conclusions: For 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri', detection, if there is noseasonal limitation for testing, the most suitable tissues are fruits andflowers. When it comes to testing throughout the year, the most suitabletissues were determined as the root, the phloem and cambium layer of theshoots and the leaves, respectively.Significance and Impact of the Study: This study on seasonal variations of‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in different pear tissues has been first timeinvestigated in Turkey. This preliminary data provides importantknowledge on molecular detection of Ca. P. pyri, causal agent of peardecline disease for further studies and sertification-quarantineprogrammes of pear trees in Turkey.
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    Incidence and genetic diversity of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) isolates in Turkey
    (Academic Press Ltd- Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Gazel, Mona; Tunc, Bahar; Elci, Eminur; Caglayan, Kadriye
    Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is the most important virus species within the grapevine leafroll complex. It causes significant losses to growers and vineries because of its effect on grape and wine quality. A survey was conducted in the major grape-growing provinces of Turkey in 2018 to investigate distribution and the genetic diversity of GLRaV-3 in local and foreign grapevine cultivars. The genetic diversity of GLRaV-3 isolates based on partial heat-shock protein 70 homologue (Hsp70 h), partial coat protein (CP) and partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) genes were determined by RT-PCR and sequencing. The infection rate of GLRaV-3 in 141 tested grapevine samples was 13.47% by DAS-ELISA and 28.36% by RT-PCR analysis. Totally, 17 amplicons from Hsp70 h, 22 isolates from RdRp and 16 isolates from CP genes were sequenced in both directions. The sequence analysis of three genes revealed that the Turkish GLRaV-3 isolates shared 91-100% nucleotide identities with the sequences of GLRaV-3 isolated deposited in the GenBank from other parts of the world without any correlation between the distribution and geographical origin.
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    Incidence and genetic diversity of raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV) in Rubus spp. in Turkey
    (Wiley, 2023) Caglayan, Kadriye; Ordek, Kivilcim; Gazel, Mona; Elci, Eminur; Roumi, Vahid; Lamovsek, Janja; Plesko, Irena Mavric
    Raspberry bushy dwarf virus (RBDV), recently renamed to Idaeovirus rubi, is one of the most common viruses infecting Rubus species worldwide but there is still a limited number of genome sequences available in the GenBank database and the majority of the sequences include partial sequences of RNA-1 and RNA-2. The distribution and incidence of RBDV in main raspberry and blackberry growing provinces in Turkey were monitored during 2015-2019 and 537 Rubus spp. samples were tested by both DAS-ELISA and RT-PCR. Among the tested samples, 36 samples tested positive for RBDV by DAS-ELISA and 67 samples by RT-PCR. There was relatively low nucleotide diversity among the Turkish isolates. Turkish isolates shared 93%-97.7%, 84.3%-98.9%, and 85%-99.2% nucleotide sequence identities with available sequences in the GenBank, in partial RNA-1, movement protein (MP) and coat protein (CP) genes, respectively. In the phylogenetic tree constructed for RNA-1, MP, and CP sequences, all Turkish raspberry isolates were clustered in a distinct clade. However, the blackberry isolates showed considerable variation in nucleotide sequences and were placed in three distinct groups. The divergent blackberry isolates showed high variability in MP (84.5%-89.3%) and CP (85.5%-89.7%) regions and were placed in a distinct group. The rest of blackberry isolates clustered together with sweet cherry RBDV isolates adjacent to the grapevine clade or together with raspberry isolates. The comparative analysis conducted on three RNA segments of RBDV highlighted the high sequence diversity of Turkish RBDV isolates. This study also emphasizes the importance of regular monitoring of RBDV infections in Turkey, with special regard to those Rubus spp. and grapevine accessions employed in conservation and selection programmes. In particular, the presence of new RBDV genetic variants and infection of Rubus species must be taken into account to choose a correct detection protocol and management strategy.
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    POTENTIAL PSYLLID VECTORS OF CANDIDATUS PHYTOPLASMA MALI AND CANDIDATUS PHYTOPLASMA PYRI IN TURKEY
    (Univ Agriculture, Fac Veterinary Science, 2016) Kaya, Kamuran; Serce, Cigdem Ulubas; Gazel, Mona; Caglayan, Kadriye; Sauvion, Nicolas
    Psyllids are vectors of phytoplasma, which cause important diseases of pome fruit trees. Psyllid species reported as phytoplasma vectors were captured during 2010-2011 in several pome fruit growing regions in Turkey. Potential psyllid vectors of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' were collected from Malus spp. (apple), Cydonia oblonga (quince), Crataegus spp. (hawthorn) and also from the overwintering hosts, whereas those of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri' were collected from wild and cultured forms of Pyrus spp. (pear) trees. The psyllids were identified morphologically as Cacopsylla picta, C. melanoneura-C. affinis complex, C. crataegi, C. pyrisuga, C. pyri, C. pyricola and other Cacopsylla species. The highest natural phytoplasma infection rate was found in C. picta followed by C. pyri, C. melanoneura-C. affinis complex and C. crataegi with rates of 4.36, 3.84, 2.77 and 1.67%, respectively. No phytoplasma were detected in C. pyrisuga, C. pyricola, or the other Cacopsylla spp. 'Ca. P. mali' was detected in C. picta, C. melanoneura-C. affinis complex and C. pyri; 'Ca. P. pyri' was detected in C. picta, C. crataegi, C. melanoneura-C. affinis complex and C. pyri individuals. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the possible psyllid vectors of 'Ca. P. mali' in Turkey.
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    Updates on phytoplasma diseases associated with fruit crops in Asia
    (Elsevier, 2023) Mitra, Surabhi; Serçe, Çiğdem Ulubaş; Gazel, Mona; Nabi, Sajad un; Zamharir, Maryam Ghayeb; Rao, Govind Pratap
    The horticulture industry has experienced tremendous growth in Asia during the past 50 years and has developed into one of the major economic branches of modern agriculture. Asian countries have diverse types of tropical, temperate, and coastal climates, hence blessed with diversity of fruits unique to worldwide. Asia contains nearly 44% of the total fruit-producing area in the world and contributes about 42% to the total world fruit production, with the largest and the second largest fruit producers located in this continent. In fruit crops, phytoplasma diseases are important but fewer studies have been done on this group of pathogens particularly in Asian countries. Thus far, 13 groups of phytoplasmas (16SrI, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, IX, X, XI, XII, XIV, and XXXII) and 29 subgroups have been reported on 26 major tropical, subtropical, and temperate fruit species in Asia. The major phytoplasma diseases which cause serious economic losses to fruit production in Asia are pome and stone fruits, grapes, jujube, papaya, and citrus crops. The rapid emergence and spread of phytoplasmas are due to the enhancement of the international trade of planting materials and their final products. Losses to the quality and quantity of different fruits due to phytoplasma infection have now been widely reported from all over Asia. This chapter provides the most recent information on phytoplasma diseases and their occurrence, symptomatology, diversity, epidemiology, and management in economically important fruit crops in Asian countries. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.