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    Endemic plants and wild Allium species in Turkey
    (INT SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, 2016) Tekeli, F. O.; Gokce, A. F.; Gokce, AF
    The beginning of agricultural plant domestication dates back to as early as humanity. There have been many reports on the total number of plant species, each with varying numbers depending on the specific classification they used. The total number of plants is estimated to be about 400,000 species. Turkey has a broad biodiversity due to numerous microclimates because of its geomorphological structure causing diverse ecology. About 12,000 species are known to exist in Turkey including about 4,000 endemic species, both more than that of European countries. Regarding Nigde and its neighboring provinces, endemic species are reported to be 726 in Konya, 543 in Kayseri, 507 in Nigde, and 100 in Nevsehir. Some of these endemic species are classified as critically endangered (CR). Most of the endemic plants with narrow occurrence in steppe ecosystems fall into CR group. Turkey has numerous endemic plants, but some of them are endangered. About 600 endemic species in Turkey are classified in the CR group and about 700 in the group of Endangered (EN). As in some other countries, numerous endemic plant species were collected between 1992 and 1997, and conserved at the Gene Bank of Menemen, Turkey. The In-situ Conservation of Plant Genetic Diversity National Plan was implemented to employ in-situ conservation of the species that are imperative for agriculture, food, economy and culture. Endemic plant species should be conserved to have them in the future generation not only in Turkey, but also in other countries on the Globe. Therefore, multinational genetic resources programs are still needed, especially for conserving wild plant species. Wild plant species are used by varying communities on the Globe. Plant breeders all over the world use wild types or relatives as germplasm for economically important traits to improve the cultivated species. Allium is one of the most significant types of plants used in the manufacture of curatives in Asia Minor. Because of their flavor, aroma and taste, Allium species are used in food as seasonings, and in folk remedy.
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    EXPLORING THE AMENABILITY OF ONIONS TO AGROBACTERIUM MEDIATED TRANSFORMATION
    (Pakistan Agricultural Scientists Forum, 2019) Amin, K.; Bakhsh, A.; Gokce, A. F.
    The onions exhibit recalcitrant nature when subjected to genetic modifications. The study was conducted to optimize various factors affecting Agrobacterium mediated transformation in onion. Factors such as genotype dependency, type of explants and response of growth regulators were investigated. Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harboring pBIN19 binary vector was used to infect different explants of two cultivars (Kral and Sampiyon). The T-DNA region of vector contained uidA gene (interrupted by an intronic sequence) to screen primary transgenic shoots at earlier stage and nptII gene as plant selectable marker. Results exhibited the genotype and explant dependency towards genetic modification of both cultivars. Based on the rate of callus induction, regeneration response and GUS histochemical assays, cultivar Kral was found better compared to Sampiyon. The best callus induction was observed on MS medium supplemented with 1: 10 ratio of 2,4-D and BAP respectively. Out of 355 primary transformants, 87 primary transformants were recorded as positive when subjected to PCR assays; 51 belonging to Kral showing tendency of genotype to genetic improvement. Results showed that highest number of putative transgenic plants was contributed by mature embryos followed by seeds and basal plates explants. Onion seed as explant has been used successfully for first time as no evidence in earlier literature was found. The optimization of these factors in Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation will provide a gateway to introduce any desired trait in onion.
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    Genetic diversity evaluations in Turkish onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes: principal component analyses (PCA) for breeding strategies
    (INT SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, 2016) Hanci, F.; Gokce, A. F.; Gokce, AF
    Sustainable plant breeding relies on available germplasm and genetic diversity. Analysis of genetic diversity in germplasm collection aids in classification of genotypes and identification of core collections with possible utility for specific breeding strategies. In the present study, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate resources of variation among some Turkish onion (Allium cepa L.) genotypes. Onion germplasm covering 96 accessions collected from different regions of Turkey were evaluated for 31 quantitative traits through principal component analyses. According to PCA results, eigenvalue was maximum in PC-I (7.74) followed by PC-II (3.25) and PC-III (2.33). Total variance percentage was maximum in PC-I (24.98) followed by PC-II (10.50) and PC-III (7.52). The first nine PCs with Eigen values >1 contributed 71.84% of the variability amongst accessions. The characters contributing more positively with PC1 were the bulb weight (0.33) and diameter of the pseudostem (0.30).
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    Members of Alliaceae; better source of plant lectins to combat resistance against sucking pests of crops
    (INT SOC HORTICULTURAL SCIENCE, 2016) Bakhsh, A.; Zia, M. A. B.; Hussain, T.; Tekeli, F. O.; Gokce, A. F.; Gokce, AF
    Transgenic Bt crops were planted on an area of approximately 45 million hectares in combination with herbicide resistance trait in recent years. The available scientific literature does not show any concrete evidence of cry gene exhibiting resistance against sucking pest particularly in commercialized crops. Therefore, the common crop protection practice against sucking pests is the application of chemical insecticides both for transgenic and non transgenic crops. The increased pest status and resistance to chemical insecticides provide impetus for the development of alternative management strategies. Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that specifically recognize glycans of glycoproteins, glycolipids or polysaccharides with high affinity and mediate various cell-cell and host-pathogen interactions, besides innate immune responses. The ability of plant lectins to control sap-sucking insects is considered as most significant as these devastating pests are unresponsive to insecticidal Bt genes and are constant threat to crops by damaging them directly or by acting as vector for different pathogens. Different researchers worldwide have established the successful efficacy of plant lectins against sucking insect pest in transgenic rice, tobacco, oilseed rape, potato, wheat, maize, chickpea and cotton. Among various plant lectins introduced in crops, the monocot mannose binding lectins i.e. garlic (Album sativum L. leaf agglutinin, ASAL), onion (Album cepa L. agglutinin, ACA), snowdrop (Galanthus nivalis L. agglutinin, GNA) has exhibited quite promising and significant resistance to jassids (Amrasca devastans), whiteflies (Bernisia tabaci) and aphids (Aphis gossypii). The present study focuses the research endeavours in various transgenic crops expressing plant lectins gene(s) against sucking pests of crop plants.