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Öğe 2008 Financial Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Turkey and Brazil in Terms of Economic Policies(Istanbul Univ, Methodology & Sociology Research Center, 2020) Gudek-Golcek, Seyda; Golcek, Ali GokhanThe Financial Crisis, which broke out in the US due to the mortgage bubble, had spread through financial channels to core countries. The periphery countries that weren't fully integrated into the financial markets had been influenced via economic ways, indirectly. However the crisis -spreading on a global scale- had had negative impacts on all countries and had led to changes in the economic policies of states. One of the possibilities of the crisis was for it to turn into a cyclical crisis because of its reach throughout the whole world and the failure of economic policies -applied to one after another- in the preventing of the spread and impact of the crisis in a short time, resulting in economic and neoliberal policies being questioned. The periphery economies, being economically affected by the crisis, had to assume many economic costs due to mortgage loans in the US, which had nothing to do with them. In the study, through the examples of Brazil and Turkey within the framework of these discussions, the implication of economic policy has been examined for periphery countries. In the study, the way in which both countries were affected by the crisis has been evaluated through net capital flows, foreign direct investments, foreign trade data, and main economic indicators. Although neoliberal policies, which pushed both countries towards this process, had added them to the global economic system, they had to apply Keynesian policies because neoliberalism had become inadequate in exiting the crisis. In the conclusion of the study, policy proposals have been made for getting out of the crisis by discussing the ineffectiveness of the economic policies that had been implemented.Öğe AN ECONOMIC OVERVIEW OF OTTOMAN STATE RECORD OF TAXES: TEMETTUAT (PROFIT TAX) REGISTERS OF NIGDE SANJAK (1844-1845)(Ege Univ, 2019) Golcek, Ali Gokhan; Koktas, Altug MuratIn 1839, the Imperial Edict of Gulhane was declared to erase the impacts of the administrative and financial crises following the Ottoman Regression period. In this sense, the taxation system of the state was changed and it was aimed to overcome the financial crisis. Temettuat (profits tax) registers started to be kept after the Imperial Edict of Gulhane are the records that keep the taxes on micro-scale of the socioeconomic status of the households in the region provides detailed information; real estate, land, zoological and profit in a single book record. The subject of the study consists of the income distribution and relative poverty in the light of the information in the dividend books of Kalkanli District, Bazirgan Karyesi and Ortakoy Karyesi of Andug District that were connected to Nigde Sanjak, Karaman Province. As a result of the calculations, Gini Coefficient was 0.3477 and relative poverty rate was 24% in these districts. In this context, taxation practices are found to be triggering income distribution inequality and yielding regressive consequences.Öğe Early Republic Period Monopoly Practices: Salt, Alcohol and Alcoholic Beverages, and Match in the Period of 1920-1950(Hacettepe Univ, 2019) Golcek, Seyda Gudek; Golcek, Ali GokhanIn Early Republic Period, Turkey expanded and continued monopoly practices which are inherited from the Ottoman State. In this period, the monopoly became an important tool in economic development after the War of Independence and in the reach of central authority throughout the country. Therefore, institutionalization of monopoly practices and improvement of monopoly enterprises became an essential policy. A detailed regulatory process was under taken for institutionalization and a serious legislative accumulation occured on the subject. Improvement works extended to a wide range of fields -from the upbringing of trained experts to breeding of agricultural policy and from the fighting against smuggling to construction of highways and railways-. Ultimately, as a result of these efforts, monopoly practices had contribution such as providing employment, reviving the economy of the region as well as it constituted a significant portion of total budget revenues. For monopoly revenues formed a large part of the total budget revenues, according to data which obtained from the Budget Final Account Acts and Monopoly General Directorate Budget that constituted the main sources of the stduy. More specifically, although among fiscal monopoly revenues, sum of the revenues of salt, alcohol and alcoholic beverages and matches constituted the largest share after tobacco, which is much studied in the literature, they have not received any interest deserved. Therefore, the study has dealt with salt, alcohol and alcoholic beverages and matches for the reason of this deficiency.Öğe Energy Poverty in Turkey(Sosyoekonomi Soc, 2019) Selcuk, Isil Sirin; Golcek, Ali Gokhan; Koktas, Altug MuratAccess to energy is a prerequisite for human development. For this reason, the concept of energy poverty is carefully monitored by the United Nations and the European Union within the scope of Sustainable Development objectives. In this study, energy poverty is conceptually investigated, and the data related to the current energy consumption and the main indicators of energy poverty in various countries were examined. Moreover, socioeconomic characteristics of energy poor households in Turkey were examined with the help of the 2017 Household Budget Survey data set. According to the most recent data available, about one-quarter of households in Turkey are energy poor while nearly half of the households, which have the lowest income levels, were found to carry the risk of facing energy poverty. For the richest households, this rate is only 3.48%. Additionally, the share of energy poor households was observed to decrease from 2003 to 2017.Öğe Evaluation of Tax Laws enacted during the National Struggle Period in terms of Tax Justice and Tax Mentality(Hacettepe Univ, 2021) YerelI, Ahmet Burcin; KoktaS, Altug Murat; Golcek, Ali GokhanThe Armistice of Mudros, signed at the end of the World War I, neutralized the Ottoman Empire de facto and paved the ground for the occupation of its territories. Upon the invasion of Izmir by the Greek troops, the conditions deteriorated further, and the Empire, which ruled for more than six hundred years, became on the verge of dissolution. In order to prevent this, the struggle for independence, which was initially carried out under the National Forces, was later continued by the Grand National Assembly. The process, which turned into the struggle for survival of the nation as a whole and which was called as the War of Independence, resulted in victory. The subject of the study is the tax policies of the National Struggle in terms of funding sources. In this context, the examination of the taxes, which were in effect during the said period, within the scope of tax justice constitutes the focal point of the study. The contextualization of tax laws and parliamentary debates within the scope of Parliamentary Minutes forms the original aspect of the study. The study concludes that the taxes, which were the most important source of income for the period of National Struggle, were generally fair, and unfair tax practices were avoided.