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    Effect of feeding starter containing butyrate salt on pre- and post-weaning performance of early or normally weaned calves
    (ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 2014) Serbester, U.; Cakmakci, C.; Goncu, S.; Gorgulu, M.
    Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of the starter supplemented with butyrate salts on the performance of Holstein calves. Twenty-three and thirty-five male calves were used in the Experiment I and II, respectively. Total duration of the experiments are 70 d (35 d pre-weaning and 35 d post-weaning) and 100 d (60 d pre-weaning and 40 d post-weaning), respectively. In both of the experiments, all calves were kept together with their dam and fed colostrum for the first 3 days after calving and then housed in calf hutches. Calves were fed individually whole milk (4 l/d) with two meals and starter diets ad libutum in pre-weaning period, while total mixed ration contained starter (60%) and alfalfa hay ground (40%) were used in post-weaning period. The starter diets contained 0 (without butyrate salt, CON), 1.5 g/kg sodium butyrate (NaB15), and 3.0 g/kg sodium butyrate (NaB30) in the experiment I, 0 (without butyrate salt, CON), 2.5 g/kg calcium butyrate (CaB25) and 5.0 g/kg calcium butyrate (CaB50) in the experiment II. Live weight, live weight gain and feed intake of calves were determined weekly in each experiment. Feeding starter containing NaB increased significantly (P< 0.05) live weight, live weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency of calves during pre-weaning period, but did not post-weaning period. On the other hand, feeding starter supplemented with CaB did not affect performance of calves in both periods. The present results suggest that the inclusion of NaB in starter feeds could be recommended for calves in early weaning program.
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    The effects of choice feeding and season on the feeding behaviour and growth performance of calves
    (KIELANOWSKI INST ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY NUTRITION, 2012) Gorgulu, M.; Akyol, M. A.; Boga, M.; Goncu, S.
    Two studies were performed to determine the effect of the selection of a diet from different feed ingredients offered on a free-choice basis and to determine the effect of the feeding method on the feeding behaviour and growth performance of calves in the pre-weaning period during different seasons. One-week-old Holstein Friesian calves were assigned to two experimental groups (choice feeding vs single feed). The diet was composed of, %: barley 42.56, maize 12, soyabean meal- SBM, 5.92, maize gluten meal 9.6, wheat bran 6.96, and 20 lucerne hay (ground, 1.5-2 cm). The feed ingredients used in the single feed were offered on a free-choice basis to the choice-fed calves. All calves were fed ad libitum, and water was freely available. The daily eating patterns were recorded with a real-time data-collection system, including six electronic scale feeders. The studies were conducted for 10 weeks, including an 8-week pre-weaning period and a 2-week post-weaning period. The results showed that the calves had a higher rectal temperature, respiration and pulse rate during the summer than during the winter (P<0.05). The meal number and total meal time were higher during the summer than during the winter. Feed intake, daily gain, and feed-to-gain ratio did not change according to season, however. Choice feeding increased the number of meals and the rate of feed intake but decreased meal duration and the intermeal interval compared with single feed (P<0.05). The choice-fed calves selected totally different (P<0.01) diets than the single-fed calves (SBM: 5.9 vs 64.7%, barley: 42.6 vs 8.4%, lucerne hay: 20 vs 5.8%). The calves did not change their diet preferences after weaning, compared with the pre-weaning period. Choice feeding increased nutrient intake due to increases in feed intake and diet preferences (P<0.05) but did not affect daily gain or the feed-to-gain ratio (P>0.05). The choice-fed calves had a higher meal number and eating rate and a lower meal duration and intermeal interval (P<0.01) than the single-fed calves. In conclusion, the results showed that calves had meal criteria of approximately 5 to 8 min, 11-18 meals per day, a 66- to 82-g meal size, and a 6- to 11-min meal duration. The results also showed that pre-weaning calves selected a diet containing a higher crude protein content (31-35%) than the standard starter crude protein content (18%).