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    A Molecular Investigation of Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae and blaKPC, blaNDM and blaOXA-48 Genes in Raw Milk
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2020) Al, Serhat; Hizlisoy, Harun; Ertas Onmaz, Nurhan; Karadal, Fulden; Barel, Mukaddes; Yildirim, Yeliz; Gonulalan, Zafer
    The success of antibiotic treatment has been negatively affected due to developing and spreading antimicrobial resistance all over the world. The present study was carried out to reveal the presence of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae and bla(KPC,) bla(NDM) and bla(OXA-48) genes responsible for carbapenem resistance in raw milk and to contribute to transmission dynamics and molecular epidemiology of carbapenem resistance, as well as the potential public health risks of milk. In Turkey, there is not sufficient data on the presence and the potential risks posed by carbapenem resistance in animal origin foods. A total of different 427 raw milk samples were collected and subjected to phenotypic microbiological analysis and conventional and Sybergreen real-time PCR targeting bla(KPC,) bla(NDM) and bla(OXA-48) genes. In the phenotypic analyses, suspicious isolates were identified by Vitek-2 compact system and antibiotic resistance profiles were revealed. Two Stenotrophomonas maltophilia inherently resistant to carbapenems were detected in raw milk samples. Acquired carbapenem resistance and related genes were not found in any of the milk samples. The present study revealed that milk is not epidemiologically involved in the transmission of carbapenem resistance. In order to prevent the environmental distribution of antibiotic resistant microorganisms, control of antibiotics used in human and veterinary medicine should be maintained.
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    Antibiotic Resistance Gene Profiles of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated From Foods of Animal Origin
    (Kafkas Univ, Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 2018) Hizlisoy, Harun; Ertas Onmaz, Nurhan; Karadal, Fulden; Al, Serhat; Yildirim, Yeliz; Gonulalan, Zafer; Kilic, Huseyin
    In this study, the investigation of the antibiotic resistance gene profiles of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from foods of animal origin was aimed. Totally, 95 S. aureus strains, obtained during a period between 2009 and 2012, from culture collection of the Food Hygiene and Technology Laboratory, were examined. The isolates were confirmed by phenotypic tests and PCR. The antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were analyzed by disc diffusion method and the minimal inhibition concentrations of the antibiotics were determined by E test. PCR were also utilized for determining the presence of resistance genes including blaZ, ermA, ermC, tetK, tetM, mecA, VanA, VanB, VatA, VatB and aacA-aphD. Resistance to penicillin, tetracycline, vancomycin, erythromycin, cefoxitin, gentamycin and quinupristin-dalfopristin were evident as 81.1%, 28.4%, 18.9%, 17.9%, 9.4%, 9.4% and 3.2% respectively. E test results were compatible with the disc diffusion method. Multidrug resistance was observed from 29.5% of S. aureus isolates. Positive compatibility was observed between conventional methods and PCR for the resistance of the isolates, except for vancomycin. In addition, all of the tested isolates found to include a resistance gene for at least one antibiotic. In conclusion, more efficient interventions must be followed to control the redundant use of antibiotics in veterinary practice. Furthermore, appropriate control measures are needed to be implemented to reduce contamination and the spread of multiresistant S. aureus strains.
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    Clonal diversity and antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. recovered from cow milk
    (Croatian Dairy Union, 2020) Hizlisoy, Harun; Onmaz, Nurhan Ertas; Al, Serhat; Karadal, Fulden; Yildirim, Yeliz; Gonulalan, Zafer; Gumussoy, K. Semih
    The aim of this study was the isolation, identification, phylogenetic analysis and antifungal susceptibility of Candida spp. from milk samples of healthy and mastitic cows in Kayseri/Turkey. Milk samples from 300 cows were found to be negative/positive for mastitis with the California Mastitis Test. Candida spp. was isolated by using the Brillance Candida Agar Base. Phenotypic tests, Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization - Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF), and VITEK-2 analyses were applied to confirm the obtained isolates. Resistance to flucytosine, fluconazole and caspofungin antifungals of the isolates were determined by Etest and VITEK-2. The genetic homologies of Candida spp. isolates were determined by Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic-PCR (RepPCR). In this study 62 (from 53 healthy, 9 mastitic) yeast isolates were obtained and 37 (59.6 %) were identified as non-albicans Candida (NAC) species. Phenotypic tests revealed that out of 62 isolates, 29 (46.7 %), 4 (6.5 %), 3 (4.8 %), 1 (1.6 %) and, 24 (38.7 %) were identified as Candida lusitaniae, Candida catenulate, Candida tropicalis, Candida silvicola and other yeast species, respectively. Only one sample (1.6 %) was identified as Candida albicans by MALDI-TOF however, according to VITEK-2, the agent was not confirmed as C. albicans. According to antifungal susceptibility testing by VITEK-2, one (2.7 %) of the isolates was resistant to fluconazole, one (2.7 %) was resistant to caspofungin, and 4 (10.8 %) were resistant to flucytosine. However, using E test, 10 isolates (27 %) were resistant to flucytosine. Using Rep-PCR, eight genotypic clones were observed. Genotype F (13.8 %) and G (13.8 %; 2 subtypes) were common clones in this study. In conclusion, NAC species were detected in healthy and mastitic cow milk samples. Epidemiological studies need to be conducted to track effectively the main source and to understand the diversity and distribution of the agent. It is necessary to consider the potential risks of yeast contamination in milk for public health. It is essential to focus on adequate sanitation procedures and storage conditions of milk.
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    Knowledge and attitudes in food safety and the occurrence of indicator bacteria on hands of food handlers at the point of pastrami sale
    (Ankara Univ Press, 2020) Yildirim, Yeliz; Onmaz, Nurhan Ertas; Gonulalan, Zafer; Hizlisoy, Harun; Al, Serhat; Karadal, Fulden; Kum, Erhan
    The aim this study was to evaluate food safety knowledge and attitudes of food handlers and to determine the presence of indicator bacteria on the hands of food handlers in the pastrami retail points in Kayseri, Turkey. Food handlers were interviewed and the samples were taken from their hands by touching the petri dishes. Food handlers' knowledge and attitudes were evaluated by questionnaires and checklists. Conventional methods were followed for microbiological analyses. The presence of total coliforms, E. coli, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus on the hands of food handlers were analyzed. Results indicated that coliforms were present in 37.3% of food handlers hands and 32% exceeded the limit when compared to the literature suggesting a target value of <2.5 cfu/cm(2). E. coli, Enterobacteriaceae and S. aureus were present in 10.6%, 44.6% and 34% of handler's hands, respectively. Food safety knowledge evaluation received high scores with mean score of 69.06%. Only one handler was below the score of 50%. Despite the high scores on food safety knowledge, high numbers of hand samples were found to be contaminated with pathogens. Data obtained from this study reveal that despite their adequate food safety knowledge, food handlers on pastrami retail points were found insufficient for implementation. Therefore, it is not only sufficient to provide food safety trainings but also the sources of problems, such as lack of hygiene infrastructure, in the practice should be identified and resolved in retail points.
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    The determination of meat species by PCR-RFLP method using mitochondrial ND4 gene in pastirma, a traditional dry cured meat product
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2020) Al, Serhat; Hizlisoy, Harun; Ertas Onmaz, Nurhan; Karadal, Fulden; Gungor, Candan; Yildirim, Yeliz; Gonulalan, Zafer
    Pastirma is a high value, traditional, dry cured, and edible coated meat product. For economic and sociocultural reasons, it is important to know which meat species are used in pastirma. The present study aims to carry out the determination of the meat species in pastirma. A total of 144 pastirma samples were collected from different stores. After genomic DNA isolation, the total DNAs obtained were subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using specially designed novel primers amplifying the mitochondrial ND4 (MT-ND4) gene region, specific for cattle (Bos taurus), water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), horse (Equus caballus), and donkey (Equus asinus) species. For the identification of the meat species, gel purified 952 bp PCR products were digested with fast digest SaqAI restriction enzymes selected based on preliminary in silico analyses. The results of the present study revealed that all of the pastirma samples were made from cattle meat. Cross-reactions and false-positive identifications are serious problems in routine determination of the meat species in food control laboratories. It is important to perform fast, inexpensive determination with high sensitivity and specificity for the identification of meat species. This study has shown that meat species can be detected with high specificity in products such as pastirma, which uses large pieces of meat cuts.
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    Toxigenic Staphylococcus aureus in some animal- originated food products marketed in Turkey: presence and Public Health concerns
    (Ist Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Abruzzo & Molise G Caporale-Izs A&M, 2024) Karadal, Fulden; Onmaz, Nurhan Ertas; Hizlisoy, Harun; Yildirim, Yeliz; Al, Serhat; Gonulalan, Zafer; Bagci, Cemalettin
    This study aimed to detect the presence of Staphylococcus aureus in some animal source food (ASF) including emulsified meat products (sausage and salami), dry fermented meat product (soudjouk), semi dry meat product (pastrami) and raw chicken meat. Sixty six (38.8%) of 170 samples were found to be positive for S. aureus. . It was determined that S. aureus was found in 17 (56.6%) salami, 27 (54%) raw chicken meat, 9 (30%) soudjouk, 9 (30%) pastrami, 4 (13.3%) sausage samples. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) were identified in 5 out of 66 (7.5 %) isolates food matrices including 3 (4.5%) SEA, 2 (3.03%) SEC. The sea and sec genes were detected in 3 (4.5%) of 66 isolates. The results of this study highlight the need to provide suitable control strategies concerning production, sales, and storage to prevent the spread of enterotoxigenic S. aureus isolates in ASF. The key contribution of this study is its revelation of the presence of S. aureus in animal products sold in Turkish local markets, highlighting the potential public health risks associated with animal foods.