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Öğe EFFECT OF ESSENTIAL OIL COMBINATION ON PERFORMANCE, MILK COMPOSITION, BLOOD PARAMETERS AND PREGNANCY RATE IN EARLY LACTATING DAIRY COWS DURING HEAT EXPOSURE(PAKISTAN AGRICULTURAL SCIENTISTS FORUM, 2012) Serbester, U.; Cinar, M.; Ceyhan, A.; Erdem, H.; Gorgulu, M.; Kutlu, H. R.; Cardozo, P. W.The objective of this study was to determine effect of an essential oil combination (EOC), which contained cinnamaldehyde and diallyl disulfide on performance, milk composition, blood parameters and pregnancy rate of early lactating dairy cows during heat exposure. Twenty five Holstein cows (days in milk= 37.4 +/- 3.09) were assigned to one of two treatment groups: a Control (n=12) and EOC fed (n=13). Cows were fed a total mixed ration comprising concentrate and silage of common vetch with triticale. The concentrate differed only in the supplementation of EOC at 25 mg/kg concentrate (as fed basis). The experiment lasted 11 weeks. Dry matter intake (DMI) and milk production were measured daily while milk samples were taken twice a week. Blood samples were collected weekly, and ultrasonography was performed at 29 d and 42 d post TAI to determine pregnancy rate. Average of ambient temperature, relative humidity and temperature-humidity index (THI) were 25.9 degrees C, 73.4% and 76.8, respectively. The EOC supplementation had no effect (P> 0.05) on performance, milk composition and pregnancy rate. The EOC, however, increased (P< 0.01) insulin concentration, and tended to decrease (P= 0.074) serum total cholesterol concentration, and increase (P= 0.097) NEFA concentration. In conclusion, EOC supplementation in diets of early lactating dairy cows during heat exposure did not affect milk yield and composition, and pregnancy rate. The increase of insulin and reduction of total cholesterol observed in EOC group needs to be confirmed with further research.Öğe Effect of feeding starter containing butyrate salt on pre- and post-weaning performance of early or normally weaned calves(ECOLE NATIONALE VETERINAIRE TOULOUSE, 2014) Serbester, U.; Cakmakci, C.; Goncu, S.; Gorgulu, M.Two experiments were conducted to examine the influence of the starter supplemented with butyrate salts on the performance of Holstein calves. Twenty-three and thirty-five male calves were used in the Experiment I and II, respectively. Total duration of the experiments are 70 d (35 d pre-weaning and 35 d post-weaning) and 100 d (60 d pre-weaning and 40 d post-weaning), respectively. In both of the experiments, all calves were kept together with their dam and fed colostrum for the first 3 days after calving and then housed in calf hutches. Calves were fed individually whole milk (4 l/d) with two meals and starter diets ad libutum in pre-weaning period, while total mixed ration contained starter (60%) and alfalfa hay ground (40%) were used in post-weaning period. The starter diets contained 0 (without butyrate salt, CON), 1.5 g/kg sodium butyrate (NaB15), and 3.0 g/kg sodium butyrate (NaB30) in the experiment I, 0 (without butyrate salt, CON), 2.5 g/kg calcium butyrate (CaB25) and 5.0 g/kg calcium butyrate (CaB50) in the experiment II. Live weight, live weight gain and feed intake of calves were determined weekly in each experiment. Feeding starter containing NaB increased significantly (P< 0.05) live weight, live weight gain, and feed conversion efficiency of calves during pre-weaning period, but did not post-weaning period. On the other hand, feeding starter supplemented with CaB did not affect performance of calves in both periods. The present results suggest that the inclusion of NaB in starter feeds could be recommended for calves in early weaning program.Öğe The effects of choice feeding and season on the feeding behaviour and growth performance of calves(KIELANOWSKI INST ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY NUTRITION, 2012) Gorgulu, M.; Akyol, M. A.; Boga, M.; Goncu, S.Two studies were performed to determine the effect of the selection of a diet from different feed ingredients offered on a free-choice basis and to determine the effect of the feeding method on the feeding behaviour and growth performance of calves in the pre-weaning period during different seasons. One-week-old Holstein Friesian calves were assigned to two experimental groups (choice feeding vs single feed). The diet was composed of, %: barley 42.56, maize 12, soyabean meal- SBM, 5.92, maize gluten meal 9.6, wheat bran 6.96, and 20 lucerne hay (ground, 1.5-2 cm). The feed ingredients used in the single feed were offered on a free-choice basis to the choice-fed calves. All calves were fed ad libitum, and water was freely available. The daily eating patterns were recorded with a real-time data-collection system, including six electronic scale feeders. The studies were conducted for 10 weeks, including an 8-week pre-weaning period and a 2-week post-weaning period. The results showed that the calves had a higher rectal temperature, respiration and pulse rate during the summer than during the winter (P<0.05). The meal number and total meal time were higher during the summer than during the winter. Feed intake, daily gain, and feed-to-gain ratio did not change according to season, however. Choice feeding increased the number of meals and the rate of feed intake but decreased meal duration and the intermeal interval compared with single feed (P<0.05). The choice-fed calves selected totally different (P<0.01) diets than the single-fed calves (SBM: 5.9 vs 64.7%, barley: 42.6 vs 8.4%, lucerne hay: 20 vs 5.8%). The calves did not change their diet preferences after weaning, compared with the pre-weaning period. Choice feeding increased nutrient intake due to increases in feed intake and diet preferences (P<0.05) but did not affect daily gain or the feed-to-gain ratio (P>0.05). The choice-fed calves had a higher meal number and eating rate and a lower meal duration and intermeal interval (P<0.01) than the single-fed calves. In conclusion, the results showed that calves had meal criteria of approximately 5 to 8 min, 11-18 meals per day, a 66- to 82-g meal size, and a 6- to 11-min meal duration. The results also showed that pre-weaning calves selected a diet containing a higher crude protein content (31-35%) than the standard starter crude protein content (18%).Öğe The effects of different compounds in some essential oils on in vitro gas production(KIELANOWSKI INST ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY NUTRITION, 2011) Kilic, U.; Boga, M.; Gorgulu, M.; Sahan, Z.The aim of this study was to determine the effect of essential oils (EO) of oregano, ORE (Origanum vulgare); black seed, BSD (Nigella sativa); laurel, LAU (Laurus nobilis); cumin, CUM (Cumminum cyminum); garlic, GAR (Allium sativum); anise, ANI (Pimpinella anisum), and cinnamon, CIN (Cinnamomum verum) on in vitro gas production (IVGP) and IVGP kinetics of barley, wheat straw and soyabean meal. IVGP values were determined by using rumen liquor from three dry Holstein cows. The findings of this study indicate that the effects of EO, doses, and EO x dose interactions were significant. IVGP was decreased by ANI, GAR and ORE, and only CUM increased IVGP. These EO and their different doses or combinations in diets could be used to improve the performance of ruminants. Moreover, EO may act at different levels in energy and protein metabolic pathways, thus their careful selection and combination may be a useful tool to effectively manipulate rumen fermentation.
