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Öğe Aluminum Toxicity: A Case Study on Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.)(Tech Science Press, 2023) Ozturk, Munir; Metin, Mert; Altay, Volkan; Kawano, Tomonori; Gul, Alvina; Unal, Bengu Turkyilmaz; Unal, DilekAluminum is an abundant metal in the earth's crust that turns out to be toxic in acidic environments. Many plants are affected by the presence of aluminum at the whole plant level, at the organ level, and at the cellular level. Tobacco as a cash crop (Nicotiana tabacum L.) is a widely cultivated plant worldwide and is also a good model organism for research. Although there are many articles on Al-phytotoxicity in the literature, reviews on a single species that are economically and scientifically important are limited. In this article, we not only provide the biology associated with tobacco Al-toxicity, but also some essential information regarding the effects of this metal on other plant species (even animals). This review provides information on aluminum localization and uptake process by different staining techniques, as well as the effects of its toxicity at different compartment levels and the physiological consequences derived from them. In addition, molecular studies in recent years have reported specific responses to Al toxicity, such as overexpression of various protective proteins. Besides, this review discusses data on various organelle-based responses, cell death, and other mechanisms, data on tobacco plants and other kingdoms relevant to these studies.Öğe Arsenic and Human Health: Genotoxicity, Epigenomic Effects, and Cancer Signaling(Springernature, 2022) Ozturk, Munir; Metin, Mert; Altay, Volkan; Bhat, Rouf Ahmad; Ejaz, Mahnoor; Gul, Alvina; Unal, Bengu TurkyilmazArsenic is a well-known element because of its toxicity. Humans as well as plants and animals are negatively affected by its exposure. Some countries suffer from high levels of arsenic in their tap water and soils, which is considered a primary arsenic-linked risk factor for living beings. Humans generally get exposed to arsenic by contaminated drinking waters, resulting in many health problems, ranging from cancer to skin diseases. On the other hand, the FDA-certified drug arsenic trioxide provides solutions for various diseases, including several types of cancers. This issue emphasizes the importance of speciation of the metalloid elements in terms of impacts on health. When species get exposed to arsenic, it affects the cells altering their involvement. It can lead to abnormalities in inflammatory mechanisms and the immune system which contribute to the negative impacts generated on the body. The poisoning originating from arsenic gives rise to various biological signs on the body which can be useful for the diagnosis. It is important to find true biomarkers for the detection of arsenic poisoning. In view of its application in medicine and biology, studies on understanding the biological activity of arsenic have increased. In this review, we aim at summarizing the current state of knowledge of arsenic and the mechanism behind its toxicity including genotoxicity, oxidative insults, epigenomic changes, and alterations in cellular signaling.Öğe Genetic engineering techniques in potato(Elsevier, 2024) Zia, Muhammad Abu Bakar; Ijaz, Muhammad; Sami-ul-Allah; Aslam, Roohi; Naeem, Muhammad; Gul, Alvina; Butt, Razmia SabahatPotato is the world's number one nongrain commodity and the fourth most common commodity overall after maize, rice, and wheat. In terms of cell culture, potato exhibits a high level of docility. It also has an extended history of applications in biotechnology for the improvement of crops. The recent genomic revolution has significantly enhanced the overall understanding of the genetic makeup of all crops. Crop genome sequences have reformed our view and understanding of genome association and genome development. Recent updated knowledge in markers along with advanced phenotyping, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS), and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) has led to the development of new ways of determining marker-trait associations that can withstand genome-based breeding programs. The accessibility of sequencing of genomic data has permitted editing of the genome (localized mutagenesis) for obtaining sequences of genes that are anticipated by breeders. In the realm of potato breeding, some genetic features such as genomics, genetic mapping, and marker application have also given breeders tasks to accomplish. Several strategies have been formulated to describe potato loci, contender genes and alleles, and their associated genotypes and phenotypes. This chapter highlights how genomics technologies can be modified to meet the needs of potato breeders to enhance potato improvement through the use of next-generation phenotyping, GWAS, and genome editing tools. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Genome modifications in cassava(Elsevier, 2024) Imran, Hajira; Baig, Danish Ilyas; Jabbar, Warda; Gul, Alvina; Gul, Warda; Ozturk, Munir; Turkyilmaz Unal, BenguCassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a tropical crop, is consumed as a second major source of carbohydrates worldwide. Its origin traces back to Africa, and then it flourished throughout the world by becoming the staple food for more than half of the world’s population. Nowadays, this crop has become a center of research because of its economic and nutritional value. Besides having many attributes, cassava also needs improvement in various aspects, i.e., breeding practices, tolerance to abiotic stresses, disease resistance, and enhanced starch content. This has been improved by using gene editing technologies like TALENs (transcription activator-like effector nucleases), ZFNs (zinc finger nucleases), mega nucleases, and CRISPRs (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) associated with Cas-9 protein. In addition to re-evaluating the importance of these strategies in cassava improvement, this manuscript also includes the biofortification, modification, and storage of starch, as well as the root production and postharvest storage of cassava. © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Halophytes have potential as heavy metal phytoremediators: A comprehensive review(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Caparros, Pedro Garcia; Ozturk, Munir; Gul, Alvina; Batool, Tuba Sharf; Pirasteh-Anosheh, Hadi; Unal, Bengu Turkyilmaz; Altay, VolkanHalophytes are widely distributed worldwide and thrive in a wide range of environments such as coastal salt marshes, dunes, saline depressions, and inland deserts. They are also able to cope with heavy metal stress due to their developed morphological and physiological traits such as restricted entry of heavy metals through the root system, synthesis and storage of osmolytes such as proline, and intracellular complexation/chelation/compartmentalization of metal ions. Heavy metal-polluted areas result in yield losses of crops, higher environmental risks for the population, and a severe reduction in biodiversity of these areas. This review highlights studies on the heavy metal phytoremediation capacity of halophytic species from different plant families. An attempt has been made to include the pertinent information regarding heavy metal phytoremediation together with the most important characteristics of halophytes, followed by information on different studies conducted under controlled conditions or in natural environments related to heavy metal phytoremediation of different halophyte taxa from different families. The most promising species have been classified as phytoextractors or phytostabilizers together with recommendations for future research prospects in this topic.Öğe Molecular and genetic perspectives of cold tolerance in wheat(Springer, 2023) Ahad, Arzoo; Gul, Alvina; Batool, Tuba Sharf; Noor-ul Huda, Noor-ul; Naseeer, Faiza; Salam, Uzma Abdul; Salam, Maria AbdulEnvironmental variation is the most crucial problem as it is causing food insecurity and negatively impacts food availability, utilization, assessment, and stability. Wheat is the largest and extensively cultivated staple food crop for fulfilling global food requirements. Abiotic stresses including salinity, heavy metal toxicity, drought, extreme temperatures, and oxidative stresses being the primary cause of productivity loss are a serious threat to agronomy. Cold stress is a foremost ecological constraint that is extremely influencing plant development, and yield. It is extremely hampering the propagative development of plant life. The structure and function of plant cells depend on the cell's immune system. The stresses due to cold, affect fluid in the plasma membrane and change it into crystals or a solid gel phase. Plants being sessile in nature have evolved progressive systems that permit them to acclimatize the cold stress at the physiological as well as molecular levels. The phenomenon of acclimatisation of plants to cold stress has been investigated for the last 10 years. Studying cold tolerance is critical for extending the adaptability zones of perennial grasses. In the present review, we have elaborated the current improvement of cold tolerance in plants from molecular and physiological viewpoints, such as hormones, the role of the posttranscriptional gene, micro RNAs, ICE-CBF-COR signaling route in cold acclimatization and how they are stimulating the expression of underlying genes encoding osmoregulatory elements and strategies to improve cold tolerance in wheat.Öğe Molecular Biology of Cadmium Toxicity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae(Springernature, 2021) Ozturk, Munir; Metin, Mert; Altay, Volkan; De Filippis, Luigi; Unal, Bengu Turkyilmaz; Khursheed, Anum; Gul, AlvinaCadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal mainly originating from industrial activities and causes environmental pollution. To better understand its toxicity and pollution remediation, we must understand the effects of Cd on living beings. Saccharomyces cerevisiae (budding yeast) is an eukaryotic unicellular model organism. It has provided much scientific knowledge about cellular and molecular biology in addition to its economic benefits. Effects associated with copper and zinc, sulfur and selenium metabolism, calcium (Ca2+) balance/signaling, and structure of phospholipids as a result of exposure to cadmium have been evaluated. In yeast as a result of cadmium stress, mitogen-activated protein kinase, high osmolarity glycerol, and cell wall integrity pathways have been reported to activate different signaling pathways. In addition, abnormalities and changes in protein structure, ribosomes, cell cycle disruption, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) following cadmium cytotoxicity have also been detailed. Moreover, the key OLE1 gene that encodes for delta-9 FA desaturase in relation to cadmium toxicity has been discussed in more detail. Keeping all these studies in mind, an attempt has been made to evaluate published cellular and molecular toxicity data related to Cd stress, and specifically published on S. cerevisiae.Öğe Nanotechnologies for environmental remediation and their ecotoxicological impacts(Springer, 2023) Ejaz, Mahnoor; Gul, Alvina; Ozturk, Munir; Hafeez, Ahmed; Turkyilmaz Unal, Bengu; Jan, Sami Ullah; Siddique, Muhammad TaimurEnvironmental nanoremediation is an emerging technology that aims to rapidly and efficiently remove contaminants from the polluted sites using engineered nanomaterials (ENMs). Inorganic nanoparticles which are generally metallic, silica-based, carbon-based, or polymeric in nature serve to remediate through chemical reactions, filtration, or adsorption. Their greater surface area per unit mass and high reactivity enable them to treat groundwater, wastewater, oilfields, and toxic industrial contaminants. Despite the growing interest in nanotechnological solutions for bioremediation, the environmental and human hazard associated with their use is raising concerns globally. Nanoremediation techniques when compared to conventional remediation solutions show increased effectivity in terms of cost and time; however, the main challenge is the ability of ENMs to remove contaminants from different environmental mediums by safeguarding the ecosystem. ENMs improving the accretion of the pollutant and increasing their bioavailability should be rectified along with the vigilant management of their transfer to the upper levels of the food chain which subsequently causes biomagnification. The ecosystem-centered approach will help monitor the ecotoxicological impacts of nanoremediation considering the safety, sustainability, and proper disposal of ENMs. The environment and human health risk assessment of each novel engineered nanomaterial along with the regulation of life cycle assessment (LCA) tools of ENMs for nanoremediation can help investigate the possible environmental hazard. This review focuses on the currently available nanotechnological methods used for environmental remediation and their potential toxicological impacts on the ecosystem.Öğe Osmoregulation and its actions during the drought stress in plants(Wiley, 2021) Ozturk, Munir; Turkyilmaz Unal, Bengu; Garcia-Caparros, Pedro; Khursheed, Anum; Gul, Alvina; Hasanuzzaman, MirzaDrought stress, which causes a decline in quality and quantity of crop yields, has become more accentuated these days due to climatic change. Serious measures need to be taken to increase the tolerance of crop plants to acute drought conditions likely to occur due to global warming. Drought stress causes many physiological and biochemical changes in plants, rendering the maintenance of osmotic adjustment highly crucial. The degree of plant resistance to drought varies with plant species and cultivars, phenological stages of the plant, and the duration of plant exposure to the stress. Osmoregulation in plants under low water potential relies on synthesis and accumulation of osmoprotectants or osmolytes such as soluble proteins, sugars, and sugar alcohols, quaternary ammonium compounds, and amino acids, like proline. This review highlights the role of osmolytes in water-stressed plants and of enzymes entailed in their metabolism. It will be useful, especially for researchers working on the development of drought-resistant crops by using the metabolic-engineering techniques.Öğe Pharmacoinformatics approaches in the discovery of drug-like antimicrobials of plant origin(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2022) Khan, Duaa Ahmad; Hamdani, Syed Damin Abbas; Iftikhar, Sahar; Malik, Sohaib Zafar; Zaidi, Najam-us-Sahar Sadaf; Gul, Alvina; Babar, Mustafeez MujtabaMedicinal plants have served as an important source for addressing the ailments of humans and animals alike. The emergence of advanced technologies in the field of drug discovery and development has helped in isolating various bioactive phytochemicals and developing them as drugs. Owing to their significant pharmacological benefits and minimum adverse effects, they not only serve as good candidates for therapeutics themselves but also help in the identification and development of related drug like molecules against various metabolic and infectious diseases. The ever-increasing diversity, severity and incidence of infectious diseases has resulted in an exaggerated mortality and morbidity levels. Geno-proteomic mutations in microbes, irrational prescribing of antibiotics, antimicrobial resistance and human population explosion, all call for continuous efforts to discover and develop alternated therapeutic options against the microbes. This review article describes the pharmacoinformatics tools and methods which are currently used in the discovery of bioactive phytochemicals, thus making the process more efficient and effective. The pharmacological aspects of the drug discovery and development process have also been reviewed with reference to the in silico activities. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. SarmaÖğe Role of Rare Earth Elements in Plants(Springer, 2023) Ozturk, Munir; Metin, Mert; Altay, Volkan; Prasad, Majeti Narasimha Vara; Gul, Alvina; Bhat, Rouf Ahmad; Darvash, Moonisa AslamRare earth elements (generally abbreviated as REEs) are the name used to define 17 metals with special physicochemical features. In general, REEs are interest of chemists mainly because of their peculiar chemical abilities. However, this situation started to change, and REEs, recently, turn out to be a hotspot also for environmental biologist, plant biologist, and molecular biologists. Despite that there are diverse studies regarding biology of these elements (also defined as metals), biologist still have limited knowledge about the mechanisms of REE action in living (particular in reducing their toxic effects at high doses) and about the areas in which these metals can be used as biotechnological tools. REEs have a peculiarity that they can bind to other molecules to enhance several physiological activities like growth and development in plants and photosynthesis, and they are able to behave as synergistic agents for the intake of several nutrients. The supply of these elements in several species can be, as well, an important source of synthesis of natural compounds. The exogenous application of REEs in plants has been demonstrated to antagonize damages of salinity and metal stresses. The present review aims to put forward a comprehensive account of the latest findings related to the effects of REEs' on different aspects of plant growth and development. This compilation mainly targets scientists who afford to discover action mechanisms of REEs and researchers focussing on the amelioration of adverse consequences generated by REEs.
