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    Comparison of the effects of difenacoum and brodifacoum on the ultrastructure of rat liver cells
    (INST MEDICAL RESEARCH & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, 2016) Gul, Nursel; Yigit, Nuri; Saygili, Fulya; Demirel, Ebru; Genis, Ceren
    We used transmission electron microscopy to examine the cytotoxic effects of the second-generation anticoagulant rodenticides difenacoum and brodifacoum on rat liver. A single dose of difenacoum or brodifacoum was administered to rats by gastric gavage and liver samples were taken after 24 h, four days or seven days. In the livers of rats treated with difenacoum for 24 h, hepatocytes typically showed increased numbers of lysosomes, as well as enlargement of both the perinuclear space and the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), while sinusoids were irregularly shaped and contained Kupffer cells. Similar irregularities occurred in brodifacoum-treated rats at the same time point, but additionally increased numbers of vacuoles, damaged mitochondrial cristae, and clumping of chromatin were observed in hepatocytes, and hemolysed erythrocytes were noted in the sinusoids. Comparable findings were made in each group of rats after four days. After seven days of difenacoum treatment, hepatocytes suffered loss of cytoplasmic material and mitochondrial shrinkage, while RER cisternae became discontinuous. In contrast, exposure to brodifacoum for seven days caused the formation of numerous vacuoles and lipid droplets, disordered mitochondrial morphology, chromatin clumping and invagination of the nuclear envelope in hepatocytes. Sinusoids in the livers of rodenticide-treated rats contained an accumulation of dense material, lipid droplets, cells with pycnotic nuclei and hemolysed erythrocytes. Overall, our results show that brodifacoum causes more severe effects in liver cells than difenacoum. Thus our microscopic data along with additional biochemical assays point to a severe effect of rodenticide on vertebrates.
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    The Effects of Diflubenzuron on Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) Activity and Liver Ultrastructure in Wistar Rats
    (Gazi Univ, 2023) Gul, Nursel; Yigit, Nuri; Yigit, Fulya Saygili; Ozcelik, Eda Yazici; Eskizengin, Hakan
    Diflubenzuron is a commonly used larvicide/biocidal substance. The present study aimed to reveal the effects of diflubenzuron on Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzymatic activity and liver histopathology of a mammalian species (rats). The animals fed with various doses of diflubenzuron and the liver tissues of rats were taken on the 10th, 20th, 25th, 45th days and sixth month. AChE activity of liver was measured by spectrophotometer. Tissues were embedded in Araldite 502 (Sigma), took ultrathin sections, and examined under a 100 CX II Transmission Electron Microscope. AChE activity in the chronic dose of diflubenzuron group was like that in the control group. The enzymatic activity in the subacute dose was found to be significantly different from the control group. After subacute dose exposure was terminated, the AChE activity was still lower on the 45th day compared with the control group. Chronic and subacute doses caused adverse effects to liver tissues, such as numerous mitochondria, abnormally structured nuclei in the hepatocytes and many lipid droplets in the sinusoids of the liver ultrastructure. After the subacute dose was terminated, liver damage was still observed on the 20th and 25th days, but the liver tissue was partly regenerated on the 45th day. Cellular damage might recover after 45 days, but AChE activity probably takes more time to reach a normal level.