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Öğe Acute Effects of the Cellular Immune System on Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercises(DRUNPP-SARAJEVO, 2012) Ibis, Serkan; Hazar, Serkan; Gokdemir, KadirObjective: 18 university students, who have been kept sedentary and whose ages are 21,6 years averagely, have participated, voluntarily, in this study in order to inspect for the acute responses of the immune system to the aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Method: The Max VO2 values of the volunteers were determined using the Astrand Bicycle Ergometer testing method. The volunteers were subjected to aerobic exercises using 50% of Max VO2 for a time period of 45 minutes, and then to anaerobic exercises using 120% of Max VO2 until they exhausted. In the study, venous blood samples of the volunteers were taken before exercises, immediately after the exercises and 24 hours after exercises respectively; and therefore, the levels of cellular immune, T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte were examined accordingly. The statistical analyses were performed using One-Way ANOVA testing method. Result: Meanwhile, whereas the differences in the levels of T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte and components of the cellular immune measured immediately after exercise and 24 hours after exercise were found meaningless when compared to the levels obtained prior to exercises for the aerobic exercises (p>0,05), increased levels (leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, and B-lymphocyte) obtained immediately after the exercises, and especially the decrease in the level of T-lymphocyte were meaningful for the anaerobic type of exercises (p<0.05). Therefore, decreased levels obtained 24 hours after the anaerobic exercise (for leukopoenia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, B-lymphocyte), and increased levels for T-lymphocyte were considered statistically meaningful. When both type of exercises were compared to each other, whereas significant differences were found in the levels of leukocyte, monocyte, neutrophilia, basophil, T-lymphocyte, and B-lymphocyte immediately after the exercises (p<0,05), no meaniningful difference was observed for eosinophilia (p>0,05). Conclusions: As a result, it has been assumed that intensive and exhausting type of exercises have been placing much more effect, immediately after exercise, on the elements of the cellular immune system than the moderate type of exercises, and meanwhile it might be resulted from the leukocytes those entering the circulation system from the marginating pool through demargination, and also from the damages occurring in the organism. It has been thought, on the other hand, that the decrease observed 24 hours after the exercises was caused possibly by the intensive and exhausting type of exercises those applying suppression on the components of the immune system.Öğe Acute effects of the cellular immune system on aerobic and anaerobic exercises(2012) Ibis, Serkan; Hazar, Serkan; Gokdemir, KadirObjective: 18 university students, who have been kept sedentary and whose ages are 21,6 years averagely, have participated, voluntarily, in this study in order to inspect for the acute responses of the immune system to the aerobic and anaerobic exercises. Method: The Max VO2 values of the volunteers were determined using the Astrand Bicycle Ergometer testing method. The volunteers were subjected to aerobic exercises using 50% of Max VO2 for a time period of 45 minutes, and then to anaerobic exercises using 120% of Max VO2 until they exhausted. In the study, venous blood samples of the volunteers were taken before exercises, immediately after the exercises and 24 hours after exercises respectively; and therefore, the levels of cellular immune, T-lymphocyte and B-lymphocyte were examined accordingly. The statistical analyses were performed using One-Way ANOVA testing method. Result: Meanwhile, whereas the differences in the levels of T-lymphocyte, B-lymphocyte and components of the cellular immune measured immediately after exercise and 24 hours after exercise were found meaningless when compared to the levels obtained prior to exercises for the aerobic exercises (p>0,05), increased levels (leukocytosis, lymphocytosis, neutrophilia, monocytosis, and Blymphocyte) obtained immediately after the exercises, and especially the decrease in the level of T-lymphocyte were meaningful for the anaerobic type of exercises (p<0.05). Therefore, decreased levels obtained 24 hours after the anaerobic exercise (for leukopoenia, lymphopenia, neutropenia, B-lymphocyte), and increased levels for T-lymphocyte were considered statistically meaningful. When both type of exercises were compared to each other, whereas significant differences were found in the levels of leukocyte, monocyte, neutrophilia, basophil, T-lymphocyte, and B-lymphocyte immediately after the exercises (p<0,05), no meaniningful difference was observed for eosinophilia (p>0,05). Conclusions: As a result, it has been assumed that intensive and exhausting type of exercises have been placing much more effect, immediately after exercise, on the elements of the cellular immune system than the moderate type of exercises, and meanwhile it might be resulted from the leukocytes those entering the circulation system from the marginating pool through demargination, and also from the damages occurring in the organism. It has been thought, on the other hand, that the decrease observed 24 hours after the exercises was caused possibly by the intensive and exhausting type of exercises those applying suppression on the components of the immune system.Öğe Effects of different resistance exercise protocols on nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation and creatine kinase activity in sedentary males(JOURNAL SPORTS SCIENCE & MEDICINE, 2007) Guezel, Nevin Atalay; Hazar, Serkan; Erbas, DenizThe purpose of this study was to determine the changes of oxidative response and exercise-induced muscle damage after two different resistance exercise protocols. Whether training with low or high intensity resistance programs cause alterations in the activities of lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide (NOx), and creatine kinase (CK) activity in human plasma was investigated. Twenty untrained males participated into this study. Ten of the subjects performed high intensity resistance (HR) exercise circuit and the rest of them performed low intensity resistance (LR) exercise circuit of 4 different exercises as a single bout. Venous blood samples were drawn pre-exercise, immediately after the exercise, and at the 6(th), 24(th), 48(th) and the 72(nd) hours of post-exercise. Samples were analyzed for markers of muscle damage (CK), lipid peroxidation (MDA) and NOx. NOx production increased in HR group (p < 0.05). The MDA response to the two different resistance exercise protocol in this study caused a significant increase between pre and post-exercise values in both groups (p < 0.05). Also, there was a significant difference in the MDA level between the two groups in post-exercise values (p < 0.05) and higher values were observed in HR group. CK activities showed a significant increase in all post exercise values (p < 0.05) of both groups but there were no difference between HR and LR groups. These findings support that high intensity resistance exercise induces free radical production more than low intensity resistance exercise program.Öğe Evaluation of different variables of agression levels of physical education and sports school and educational faculty students(2018) Polat, Ercan; Hazar, Serkan; Hazar, ZekihanThe aim of this study is to examine the aggressiveness of the students who are studying at the Faculty of Education and the School of Physical Education and Sports. In this research, which adopted the quantitative research model, the relational search pattern was used. In this context, a total of 213 people, 104 female and 109 male, participated in the survey. The \"Buss Perry Aggression Scale\" was adapted by Can (5) to determine the level of aggression of participants in the study. SPSS 20 program was used in the analysis of the data. In the analysis of the data, T test was used to examine the difference between two independent variables and aggression attitudes. Pearson corelation was used to test the relationship between variables. According to the findings, it was determined that there is a significant relationship between the aggressiveness levels of the individuals and gender and type of sport that they made. It was seen that there was no meaningful relationship between age, the part of education, whether or not doing sports, the frequency of doing sports and the duration of sports. It has been determined that male individuals are higher in physical aggression subscale than female individuals. When the relationship between the department where they are educated and the aggressiveness is examined, it is determined that the students who are studying at the Physical Education and Sports are higher than the students who are educated at the 492 Faculty of Education in the physical aggression sub-dimension. It is determined that the students who play sports are higher than the students who play sports in all sub dimensions of sports students. As a result; the fact that aggression behaviors differ according to various variables, but the fact that there is not a statistically significant difference between participants who do sports and those who do not, is quite striking in contradiction with various theories in the field.Öğe Kısa süreli yüksek yoğunluklu yüklenmelerin ve klasik dayanıklılık çalışmalarının sedanter bireylerde bazı parametreler üzerine(Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2020) Kurt, Sefa; Hazar, SerkanGünümüzde bireylerin fiziksel aktiviteye katılımını sınırlayan en önemli gerekçelerden birisi aktivite için ayrılacak zamandır. Gelişen teknoloji ile bireylerin iş hayatındaki yoğunluğu, aktif olmayan yaşam tarzı ve sağlıksız beslenme ile yaşam kalitelerinde düşüşler görülmektedir. Sedanter olarak adlandırılan bu kişiler spordan uzak bir yaşam tarzı benimsemişler ya da iş yoğunluğundan dolayı spordan uzak kalmak zorunda kalmışlardır. Sedanter bir yaşam tarzı ise birçok ciddi sağlık problemlerine neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı sağlıklı kalmak için egzersiz yapan bireylerde uzun süreli yüklenmelere kıyasla kısa süreli yüklenmelerin bazı parametrelerde meydana getirdiği değişiklikleri tespit edip, zaman problemi olan bireylere alternatif egzersiz programı geliştirmektir. Bu çalışmaya 21-44 yaş aralığında yer alan, sağlıklı sedanter bireyler dâhil edilmiştir. Katılımcılar gönüllülük esasına göre çalışmaya dâhil edilmişlerdir. Katılımcılar 15 kısa süreli yüksek yoğunluklu egzersiz grubu, 15 klasik dayanıklılık egzersiz grubu olmak üzere 30 kişiden oluşmuştur. Katılımcılara 8 hafta boyunca antrenman programı uygulanmıştır. Birinci gruba 8 hafta boyunca her gün kısa süreli yüksek yoğunluklu aktivite uygulanmış, ikinci gruba ise haftada 3 gün klasik dayanıklılık antrenmanları uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada ön test son test modeli kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların çalışmaya başlamadan önce boy ölçümleri, vücut ağırlıkları, VKİ ölçümleri, kardiovasküler dayanıklılık testi, 20 metre mekik testi, dikey sıçrama testi, ağrı skalası uygulanmış, test sonuçları kayıt edilmiştir. Verilerin analizi SPSS 21 istatistik programında yapılmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda aynı testler tekrar uygulanıp değerler independent- samples t testi ve paried-samples t testi kullanılarak karşılaştırılmıştır. Kısa süreli yüksek yoğunluklu aktivite grubu ön test-son test sonuçlarına bakıldığında tüm parametrelerde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir. (p<0.05) Klasik dayanıklılık egzersiz grubu ön test-son test sonuçlarına bakıldığında vücut ağırlığı, VKİ, VO2 max, istirahat nabız değerlerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir. (p<0.05) Kısa süreli yüksek yoğunluklu aktivite ve klasik dayanıklılık grupları son test ölçüm sonuçları independent samples t testi ile karşılaştırıldığında vücut ağırlığı, dikey sıçrama kuvveti ve maksimal nabız sonuçlarında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir. (p<0.05) Sonuç olarak 8 haftalık kısa süreli yüksek yoğunluklu aktivitelerin vücut parametrelerinde gelişmelere katkı sağladığı gözlemlenmiştir. İş hayatının yoğunluğundan dolayı egzersize zaman ayıramayan bireyler için alternatif egzersiz programı olabileceği düşünülmektedir. Anahtar kelimeler: kardiovasküler dayanıklılık, VKİ, kısa süreli yüksek yoğunluklu egzersizÖğe Some cellular immune components and C-reactive protein monitoring in female handball players during a competitive period(ACADEMIC JOURNALS, 2011) Sevindi, Tarik; Hazar, Serkan; Ibis, Serkan; Gokdemir, KadirThe aim of the study was to determine the effect of the competitive period training on leukocytes, some leukocyte subgroups and C-reactive protein (CRP) in sportswomen playing in the professional handball league. The average age of the group was 20.6 +/- 3.37 years, height average was 163 +/- 6.30 cm, weight average was 58.73 +/- 4.92 kg. Blood samples were taken before and after the training period of the competition. Subjects rested for 48 h until taking blood samples. Subsequently, leukocytes, some leukocyte subgroups and CRP were determined. Leukocytes and leukocyte subgroups were determined using a Roche Sismex 2000XL device. CRP was determined using Beckman immunochemistry systems in-vitro diagnostic kits and nephelometric methods (Beckman Coulter Array 360 System, USA). Statistical analysis was performed using a paired t-test. p values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. In this study no significant difference was found on WBC and granulocyte values between pre and post training period. However, significant differences in lymphocyte values were measured. After training period, lymphocytes declined (p<0.05), but no significant differences in monocyte levels were determined. CRP values after the training period were significantly decreased (p<0.05), as compared to pre training values. We can conclude that competition period training did not significantly affect the cellular immune elements, but caused a significant decrease on CRP values, which are markers in chronic inflammation.Öğe The effect of regular moderate exercise on muscle damage and inflammation at individuals of different cardiovascular risk groups(ACADEMIC JOURNALS, 2010) Hazar, SerkanThe aim of the study was two-fold; to determine the effect of a single step-aerobic exercise and an eight-week exercise program on muscle damage and to determine the effect of a single step-aerobic exercise and an eight-week exercise program on inflammation on sedentary females in low, moderate and high cardiovascular risk groups according to basal CRP classification. This study was performed at Nigde University, school of physical education and sports in Turkey. The subject group was composed of 18 middle-aged sedentary females who performed a step-aerobic exercise program 3 times per/week for eight-weeks. Cardiovascular risk classification was constructed according to basal CRP levels. Each subject underwent a 50-min step-aerobic exercise at the beginning and at the end of the program. CK and CRP were analyzed in blood sample. High risk group had higher body weight and body mass index (BMI). Subjects' CRP levels were significantly associated with their age, height, weight and BMI. Besides resulting in higher muscle damage in high risk group subjects, single exercise also caused significant differences in their CK and CRP responses. Additionally, applied eight-week exercise program resulted in a significant decrease in CRP in high risk group. Basal CRP levels were associated with physical characteristics and single exercise caused greater muscle damage in high cardiovascular risk group. CRP levels in high risk group decreased significantly after the exercise program.Öğe The Effects of Extra Ventilation after Exercise on Recovery Process(KAMLA-RAJ ENTERPRISES, 2016) Polat, Metin; Hazar, Serkan; Keskin, AhmetThis study aims at accomplishing some applicable investigations into the issue of whether any voluntary extra ventilation applies during active recovery process, and also, if an exhausting exercise has any effect on recovery. Seven males participated in the study as volunteers. The volunteers were made to carry out exhausting exercises with incremental running test on treadmill, twice on different days. The active recovery process was traced on the treadmill for a period of 13 minutes, following the application of both exercises. Extra voluntary ventilation for a minute long was applied during the second exercise in addition to the first exercise, at the beginning of the recovery process, and at 4th, 8th, and 12th minutes. The amounts of mean VO2, VCO2, respiratory frequencies, oxygen saturation, lactic acid of the volunteers were determined during recovery process. The increase in VCO2 levels was determined to be significant. The increase at 4-5th, 8-9th, and 12-13th minutes on recovery respiratory frequency after the final testing was also determined to be significant. The decrease reported for the LA levels at 9th minute of recovery which was determined after extra ventilation application was found to be significantly different. There was a significant negative correlation between the LA levels at the 5th minute of the final testing, and respiratory frequency taken immediately after relevant exercises and 4th, 8th, and 12th minutes. It has been considered that the extra ventilation of 4 phases, each one minute, has put some positive influence on the recovery process, affecting VCO2 egression and LA removal.
