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    An overview of regulations of genetically modified organisms in Türkiye
    (Elsevier, 2022) Bakhsh, Allah; Hossain, Md Jakir; Yerlikaya, Bayram Ali; Ayten, Sefa; Özcan, Sebahattin
    Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living beings whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory by genetic modification with plant, animal, bacterial, and viral genes in order to favor the expression of desired physiological traits or the generation of desired biological products that do not exist in nature or by traditional crossbreeding methods. GMOs have become a part of everyday life with diverse beneficial aspects, although some disadvantages exist; therefore, GMOs' production remains a highly controversial topic in many parts of the world. Initially, this outstanding agricultural practice was initiated to combat global food scarcity and famine and remains as a viable option for large-scale crop production to ensure global food security. Furthermore, the patent of GMO seeds leads to the inevitable control and dominancy of private enterprises over food production. Besides these, although there is no concrete proof, the harmful effects of GMO crops on human health are the burning question around the world. In addition to these, because of improper regulation strategy, misconceptions, and low literacy regarding the GMO products, loss of genetic diversity, and nonreturnable status of GMOs to nature after being released, the issue of labeling the GMO products is a huge problem among the consumers. Hence, GMO issues are closely related to human health aspects that should be considered and cannot be ignored by the law. Many countries have come forward with legislative action to regulate this sensitive field. As Türkiye has needed to depend on importing agricultural goods for some time, it has implemented several legislative measures to control GMO related affairs. This article will detail all contemporary GMO issues for Türkiye. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Development and Applications of Transplastomic Plants; A Way Towards Eco-Friendly Agriculture
    (Springer International Publishing, 2020) Hossain, Md Jakir; Bakhsh, Allah
    With distribution of genetic materials and advance molecular characteristics, the chloroplast is prokaryotic compartments within the eukaryotic plants that have turned into a crucial source for the genetic engineering and transplastomic plants are becoming more popular means of agricultural development with elevated crop yield. To address global agricultural problems, genetic modification of crop plants is a rapid and promising solution to adapt the environment-friendly and well-controlled farming system. The transplastomic plant with high accumulation of foreign proteins (up to 45-46% TSP) and stable transgene expression with gene containment can be a unique choice for the agricultural innovation of coming centuries. Although the transplastomic plants still facing encumber to ensure the full potential exploitation and expansion as an economical means, the removal of hardness and obstacles of this technology and commercialization can contribute for the sustainable development of future agriculture. In this book chapter, we intend to recapitulate the up to date development and achievement of transplastomic plant including gene transfer procedures in plastid genomes, regulable expression of plastid transgenes, plant trait improvement by foreign gene expression, biopharmaceuticals production, engineering of metabolic pathways in plant, study of transformation mediated RNA editing technologies, bio-safety issues and public concerns on transplastomic plants and overall beneficial aspects. We believe that the utilization of transplastomic plants will ensure an eco-friendly approach in agriculture with minimized hazards and public concerns. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.
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    Rapid and efficient in vitro regeneration of transplastomic potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) plants after particle bombardment
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2021) Hossain, Md Jakir; Aksoy, Emre; Gokce, Neslihan Zahide Ozturk; Joyia, Faiz Ahmad; Khan, Muhammad Sarwar; Bakhsh, Allah
    In contrast with traditional nuclear gene transformation, transplastomic technology has opened a new horizon for the transgenic plant research that offers several beneficial aspects including the convenient use of transgene stacking and the generation of high expression levels of foreign proteins. However, this technology has been well adopted and established in tobacco, the introduction and adoption of cost-effective, swift, and reproducible protocol for in vitro regeneration of transplastomic potato is challenging and laborious. The present research aimed to develop such prompt and efficient protocol to instigate and revive the regeneration potential with the combinations of different plant growth regulators (PGRs). Leaves and internodal explants from four potato cultivars were transformed with chloroplast transformation vector via particle bombardment and cultured on MS media supplemented with suitable PGRs and selection agents. Leaf explants of cultivar Kuroda induced highest (92%) number of calli where cultivar Sante produced the highest (85.7%) transplastomic shoots. Thidiazuron was found more proficient (41%) for shoot regeneration. Finally, within only seven weeks, we got 21 spectinomycin resistant shoot, and 16 of those showed integration of target genes into the plastome in PCR screening.
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    Role of genetic engineering in improving potato production
    (Elsevier, 2022) Saeed, Faisal; Dangol, Sarbesh Das; Hashmi, Muneeb Hassan; Hossain, Md Jakir; Bakhsh, Allah
    Potato is believed to be one of the most significant noncereal food crops to address the food security concerns in future for the increasing population worldwide. Potatoes are rich in vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants that make them of paramount significance for impressive health benefits besides. Numerous improvements have been introduced in potatoes for yield and yield contributing traits; however, limitation still exist especially when it comes to abiotic and biotic stresses. Recently, developments in genetic engineering have revolutionized potato breeding remarkably by addressing bottlenecks encountered in conventional potato breeding successfully. The new breeding techniques have allowed the researchers to add, remove, alter, and manipulate gene(s) to encode tolerance/resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. The improvements in cell biology to regenerate plants from single cells or organized tissues provide a prerequisite for the practical use of genetic engineering in crop improvement. In addition to that, the quality of the potato has also been improved significantly for industrial purposes. This chapter provides a comprehensive understanding of how genetic engineering has contributed to potato improvement in terms of quality, insect pests, and diseases. It also discusses how these modern techniques can shape potato breeding programs for the development of climate-resilient cultivars in future. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.