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    In-situ two-phase flow investigation of Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) electrolyzer by simultaneous optical and neutron imaging
    (ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC, 2011) Selamet, O. F.; Pasaogullari, U.; Spernjak, D.; Hussey, D. S.; Jacobson, D. L.; Mat, M. D.; Gasteiger, HA; Weber, A; Narayanan, SR; Jones, D; Strasser, P; SwiderLyons, K; Buchi, FN; Shirvanian, P; Nakagawa, H; Uchida, H; Mukerjee, S; Schmidt, TJ; Ramani, V; Fuller, T; Edmundson, M; Lamy, C; Mantz, R
    In proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, oxygen evolution in the anode and flooding due to water cross-over results in two distinct two-phase transport conditions, and these two phenomena were found to strongly affect the performance. A comprehensive understanding of two-phase flow in PEM electrolyzer is required to increase efficiency and aid in material selection and flow field design. In this study, two-phase transport in an electrolyzer cell is visualized by simultaneous neutron radiography and optical imaging. Optical and neutron data were used in a complementary manner to aid in understanding the two-phase flow behavior. The behavior of the gas bubbles was investigated and two different gas bubble evolution and departure mechanisms are found. It was also found that there is a strong non-uniformity in the gas bubble distribution across the active area, due to buoyancy and proximity to the water and purge gas inlet.
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    Two-phase flow in a proton exchange membrane electrolyzer visualized in situ by simultaneous neutron radiography and optical imaging
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2013) Selamet, O. F.; Pasaogullari, U.; Spernjak, D.; Hussey, D. S.; Jacobson, D. L.; Mat, M. D.
    In proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers, oxygen evolution in the anode and flooding due to water cross-over in the cathode yields two distinct two-phase transport conditions which strongly affect the performance. Two-phase transport in an electrolyzer cell is visualized by simultaneous neutron radiography and optical imaging. Optical and neutron data are used in a complementary manner to aid in understanding the two-phase flow behavior. Two different patterns of gas-bubble evolution and departure are identified: periodic growth/removal of small bubbles vs. prolonged blockage by stagnant large bubbles. In addition, the bubble distribution across the active area is not uniform due to combined effects of buoyancy and proximity to the inlet. The effects of operating parameters such as current density, temperature and water flow rate on the two-phase distribution are investigated. Higher water accumulation is detected in the cathode chamber at higher current density, even though the cathode is purged with a high flow rate of N-2. The temperature is found to affect the volume of water; higher temperature yields less water and more gas volume in the anode chamber. Higher temperature also enhanced the water transport in the cathode chamber. Finally, water transported through the membrane to the cathode reduced the cell performance by limiting the hydrogen mass transport. Copyright (C) 2013, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.