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ANTIOXIDANT ANTIMICROBIAL OXIDANT AND ELEMENTS CONTENTS OF XYLARIA POLYMORPHA AND X. HYPDXYLON (XYLARIACEAE)
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2021) Saridogan, Beste Gizem Ozbey; Islek, Cemil; Baba, Hayri; Akata, Ilgaz; Sevindik, Mustafa
In the current study, antioxidant, oxidant, and antimicrobial potentials of Xylaria polymorpha (Pers.) Grey. and X hypoxylon (L.) Grey. were determined. Also, the levels of elements accumulated by these fungi were measured. The samples were extracted with ethanol in soxhlet apparatus. Antioxidant and oxidant potentials were determined using Rel Assay kits. Antimicrobial activities were tested using the agar dilution method. Element contents were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. As a result of the studies, TAS, TOS, and OSI values of X hypoxylon were determined as 3.794 +/- 0.188, 8.609 +/- 0.171, and 0.228 +/- 0.015, respectively. TAS, TOS, and OSI values of X. polymorpha were determined as 5.390 +/- 0.176, 14.738 +/- 0.126, and 0.274 +/- 0.008, respectively. Besides, it was observed that the antimicrobial activities of the extracts of mushrooms were effective at 50-400 mu g/mL concentrations. Element contents were determined to be at normal levels compared to literature data. As a result, it was determined that X. polymorpha and X. hypoxylon have antioxidant and antimicrobial potentials.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES AND HEAVY METAL CONTENTS OF SOME PHOLIOTA SPECIES
(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2021) Islek, Cemil; Saridogan, Beste Gizem Ozbey; Sevindik, Mustafa; Akata, Ilgaz
In this study, antioxidant, oxidant, and antimicrobial activities of some Pholiota species (Pholiota adiposa (Batsch) P. Kumm., P lubrica (Pers.) Singer and P. squarrosa (Vahl) P. Kumm.) were determined. Also, the Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Cd levels accumulated in the fruiting bodies of these species were measured. Ethanol extracts of the mushroom specimens have been prepared. The antioxidant and oxidant status of the extracts were determined using Rel Assay kits. Also, the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the extracts were determined using the agar dilution method. Heavy metal levels of the samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. As a result of the studies, the highest TAS value was determined in P squarrosa. The highest TOS value was determined in P lubrica. Generally, antibacterial and antifungal activities were observed in P lubrica, Generally, element levels fell within the literature ranges. Besides, it is thought that all three types of species can be used as an indicator due to their high Ni contents. As a result, it was determined that P adiposa, P lubrica and P squarrosa can be used as antioxidant and antimicrobial natural agents.
Copper Toxicity in Capsicum annuum: Superoxide Dismutase and Catalase Activities, Phenolic and Protein Amounts of in-vitro-Grown Plants
(HARD, 2015) Islek, Cemil; Unal, Bengu Turkyilmaz
To determine some physiological and biochemical changes in Capsicum annuum L. grown in vitro, the effects of different Cu concentrations on this plant were investigated. Cu was applied in the form of Cu sulfate (CuSO4) in three levels (0, 0.1, and 0.2 mM) and at three times (days 8, 10, and 12). With Cu treatments, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, and total phenolic compound amounts increased compared to the control. The protein amount gradually declined with increasing Cu concentrations. This study demonstrated that Capsicum annuum L. is quite tolerant of Cu and mobilizes catalase, superoxide dismutase, and phenolic compounds in order to mitigate Cu-stress damage.
Defence responses in leaves of resistant and susceptible pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars infected with different inoculum concentrations of Phytophthora capsici Leon
(ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2011) Koc, Esra; Ustun, Aysen Sulun; Islek, Cemil; Arici, Yeliz Kasko
Three pepper cultivars (PM-702: resistant, Demre-8 and KM-hot: susceptible) with different resistances to Phytophthora capsici-22 (P. capsici-22) were inoculated with different concentrations of zoospores to analyze the time course of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), praline and total protein. Samples were collected from the leaves of three pepper cultivars on the 2nd, 4th. and 6th days after infection; important differences were observed in PAL activity, MDA amount, H(2)O(2), proline, and total protein with respect to zoospore concentration, infection time, and type of pepper cultivars. Activity of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), the first enzyme in the phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathway, was increased in inoculated leaves of all three cultivars. The increase in production of PAL upon challenge was higher in the infected plants compared to the non-infected (control) plants. An early induction of PAL was observed in the leaves of all peppers infected with P. capsici within two days, making it one of the detected earlier responses to infection. Moreover, pathogen stress increased the rate of lipid peroxidation (which is indicated by increasing MDA content). Production of reactive oxygen species, H(2)O(2), and lipid peroxidation increased in pepper leaves by increasing time of infection and inoculum concentration. The findings suggested that PM-702 pepper cultivar was inherently better protected against lipid peroxidation under P. capsici stress than KM-hot and Demre-8. In addition, it was observed that proline content in the leaves of infected susceptible cultivars increased with time, but highest proline and total protein in non-infected (control) leaves were recorded in resistant cultivar. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on seed germination, microbial quality, anatomy-morphology and physiological characteristics of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seedlings
(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2013) Islek, Cemil; Altuner, Ergin Murat; Ceter, Talip; Alpas, Hami
High hydrostatic pressure is a non-thermal food processing technology that is found to increase the percentage of germination, decrease the germination time and improve the microbial quality of seeds. In this study, pressures of 100-400MPa for 10min at 30 degrees C are used to compare the percentage of germination, the microbial quality of seeds, chlorophyll a and b, and total phenolic compounds concentrations in seedlings, and the anatomy-morphology characteristics of garden cress. Enhanced reductions of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total and fecal coliforms, and yeast and mould populations in seeds were observed, especially at 300MPa. In addition, the percentage of germination, chlorophyll content and phenolic compounds concentrations, fresh and dry weights, and hypocotyl lengths of the seedlings are higher than those of all samples, where the percentage of germination is equal to controls but higher than other samples, and radicula length is lower than controls but higher than others.
Effects of spermine and putrescine polyamines on capsaicin accumulation in Capsicum annuum L. cell suspension cultures
(University of Ljubljana, 2020) Koç, Esra; Islek, Cemil; Karayigit, Belgizar
This study examined the effects of different concentrations of spermine (Spm) and putrescine (Put) elicitors on capsaicin production at different times in cell suspension culture of peper (Capsicum annuum L'Kahramanmaras Hat-187'.), raised from pepper seeds. Callus was obtained from hypocotyl explants of pepper seedlings germinated in vitro conditions, and cell suspensions were prepared from calluses. Spm (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg l-1) and Put (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg l-1) elicitors were applied on cell suspensions, and control groups free from elicitor treatment were created. The amount of capsaicin in cells was found to be higher in the control groups and samples treated with Spm elicitors when compared to filtrates. The highest increase in the capsaicin amount in cells was determined on day 12 of elicitation with 0.2 mg l-1Spm application. The highest capsaicin amount passing into the filtrate was determined as 0.1 mg l-1Spm on day 8. The most effective Put concentration and time on capsaicin amount were found as 0.2 mg l-1Put on day 12 in both cells and filtrates. The highest total capsaicin was also determined in the 0.2 mg l-1Spm application on day 12 with 312.747 ± 8.70 ?g g-1 of culture. Exogenous treatment of Spm and Put elicitors affected capsaicin accumulation. © 2020 University of Ljubljana. All rights reserved.
INVESTIGATION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF ONONIS SPINOSA L. ASH USED FOR THE THERAPY OF SKIN INFECTIONS AS FOLK REMEDIES
(ANKARA MICROBIOLOGY SOC, 2010) Altuner, Ergin Murat; Ceter, Talip; Islek, Cemil
Traditional folk remedies used for centuries come up focus of interest in recent years, due to the trend of use of herb-derived natural products. In addition, increasing morbidity and mortality rates of opportunistic fungal infections and accelerating antifungal resistance rates of fungi lead to the use of alternative therapies with herb-derived preparations as novel antifungals. Ononis spinosa L. (spiny restharrow), which is classified in Leguminosae family, is one of the plants used in herbal medicine as folk remedies for the treatment of skin lesions and/or infections as well as many other disorders. Antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of Ononis spinosa (OS) have already been supported by different studies. The roots and aerial sections of OS are the mainly employed parts for application, however local communities inhabiting at southeastern parts of Anatolia, Turkey, employ the ashes of OS widely to heal the skin infections. There have been no reports about the antifungal activity of OS ashes as far as the current literature is concerned. The aim of this study was to investigate the antifungal activity of ashes of OS, collected from a rural area located at Southeast Anatolia. Ashes of OS have been obtained by burning the plant samples at 400 degrees C, and extracted in sterile distilled water and ethanol. The efficacy of aqueous and ethanol extracts of OS ashes were tested against 10 fungi, of which one was a Candida albicans standard strain (ATCC 95071) and the others were clinical isolates (C.albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis, Candid krusei, Candida guilliermondii, Candida parapsilosis, Candida Trichosporon asahii, Trichophyton rubrum). Antifungal susceptibility test was performed by disc diffusion (DD) method and the results were confirmed with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values determined by microdilution method. The results indicated that both aqueous and ethanol extracts of OS ash showed antifungal activity against C. albicans ATCC 95071 (DD inhibition zones were 16 and 15 mm, respectively; MIC= 1.25 mu g/ml, MFC= 1.25 mu g/ml), whereas against C.glabrata clinical isolate only ethanol extract exhibited antifungal activity (DD inhibition zone= 10 mm, MIC= 5.00 mu g/ml, MFC= 40.00 mu g/ml). No antifungal effect was detected against the other clinical Candida spp, T.asahii and T.rubrum isolates. In conclusion, since our results emphasize that extracts of OS ash that traditionally used for skin disorders, showed promising degrees of antifungal activity against some of Candida strains, these preliminary data should be supported by further large-scale studies.
Pretreatment with spermidine and proline reverses inhibitory effects of Phytophthora capsici stress in pepper
(LITHUANIAN RESEARCH CENTRE AGRICULTURE & FORESTRY, 2016) Koc, Esra; Arici, Yeliz Kasko; Islek, Cemil
Phytophthora blight (Phytophthora capsici Leon.), which is one of the most important disease factors incurring great economic losses, causes root crown rot. When pepper seedlings were pretreated with 0.1 mM spermidine (spd), 1 mM spd, 0.1 mM spd + 1 mM proline, 0.1 mM spd + 10 mM proline, 1 mM spd + 1 mM proline and 1 mM spd + 10 mM proline and then exposed to P. capsici, they improved their tolerance to subsequent P. capsici-induced oxidative damage. It was detected that cultivar 'Sirena RZ F1' was resistant to P. capsici and it was determined that cultivar 'Sera Demre-8' exhibited sensitive reaction. P. capsici stress caused an increase in total phenolic, malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels, as well as peroxidase (POX) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in leaves of pepper seedlings. Application of exogenous spermidine and spermidine + proline further increased PPO and POX activity, total phenolic amount. On the other hand, these applications in two cultivars and all days decreased the disease severity, necrosis length and MDA and H2O2 amounts. These data show that antioxidants, especially polyphenol oxidase, peroxidase and total phenolic appear to protect pepper seedlings against stress-related damage. Moreover, spermidine and spermidine + proline have the potential to scavenge directly free radicals and promote the activity of antioxidant enzymes in pepper seedlings under P. capsici stress. In addition, it was also identified that especially 0.1 mM spd, 1 mM spd and 0.1 mM spd + 1 mM proline applications decreased the colony growth of P. capsici and the amount of zoospores. Therefore, we suggest that spermidine and spermidine + proline could play a protective role in protecting the pepper seedlings from P. capsici stress.
Spermine and its interaction with proline induce resistance to the root rot pathogen Phytophthora capsici in pepper (Capsicum annuum)
(Korean Soc Horticultural Science, 2017) Koc, Esra; Islek, Cemil; Kasko Arici, Yeliz
The root rot pathogen Phytophthora capsici can severely damage production of peppers (Capsicum annuum). This study examined the effect of exogenous spermine and spermine in combination with proline on disease severity in pepper inoculated with P. capsici, as well as the effect of the treatments on P. capsici growth and zoospore development. Peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase activity, the levels of phenolic compounds, malondialdehyde (MDA), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and fresh and dry weight were measured on the 3(rd), 5(th), and 7(th) days after P. capsici infection. Disease severity and size of the necrotic lesions increased with the degree of injury caused by the pathogen and decreased in resistant varieties. The cultivar CM-334 exhibited the highest resistance to P. capsici followed by Amazon F1 whereas other genotypes were susceptible to the disease. Treatments with spermine and spermine + proline prior to inoculation decreased the severity of disease, the length of the necrotic lesions, and the MDA and H2O2 levels in all genotypes, and increased peroxidase, catalase, and polyphenol oxidase activity, the total level of phenolics, and fresh and dry weight, when compared to the untreated, inoculated plants. In addition, 1 mM spermine, 1 mM spermine + 1 mM proline, and 1 mM spermine + 10 mM proline decreased colony growth of P. capsici and zoospore production. This study showed that spermine and spermine + proline induced defense responses and increased resistance to P. capsici infection in pepper.
The effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza on physiological and biochemical parameters and capsaicinoid production in Capsicum annuum L.: A comparative study of extraction methods and solvents
(Inst Bioloska Istrazivanja Sinisa Stankovic, 2023) Canpolat, Suekru; Islek, Cemil
This study aimed to determine the effect of two mycorrhizal fungi, Funneliformis mosseae (Fm) and Rhizophagus intraradices (Ri), on capsaicinoid production in Capsicum annuum L. by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) via two different extraction approaches, magnetic stirring and ultrasound-assisted extraction with three different solvents, ethanol (EtOH), ethyl acetate (EtAce), and acetonitrile (AceN). The effect of mycorrhizal fungi on some physiological properties and biochemical activity, the content of total phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity were also investigated. For all investigated parameters, the plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi showed significantly higher values than the non-mycorrhizal control plants, except for malondialdehyde (MDA), which was an indicator of lipid peroxidation due to damage that occurred in the cell membrane. It was concluded that inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi increased both capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin production up to 4-fold in C. annuum compared to the control. Results also indicated that ultrasound-assisted extraction with EtAce was the most effective method for the determination of capsaicin by GC-MS.
The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the physiological and biochemical properties of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) seedlings
(TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD, 2015) Islek, Cemil; Altuner, Ergin Murat; Alpas, Hami
High hydrostatic pressure is a non-thermal food processing technology, which also has several successful applications in different areas besides food processing. In this study, Capsicum annuum L. (pepper) seeds are subjected to 50, 100, 200 and 300MPa pressure for 5min at 25 degrees C and the seedlings of HHP processed seeds are used to compare percentage of seed germination and biochemical properties such as chlorophyll a, b and a/b, proline content, total protein, carotenoid, malondialdehyde, glucose, fructose and phenolic compounds concentrations. As a result of the study, it was observed that there are remarkable changes in terms of biochemical properties especially for seedlings, whose seeds were pressurized at 200 and 300MPa. More detailed studies are needed to put forward the mechanism behind the changes in biochemical properties.
THE EFFECTS OF CELLULASE ON CAPSAICIN PRODUCTION IN FREELY SUSPENDED CELLS AND IMMOBILIZED CELL CULTURES OF CAPSICUM ANNUUM L.
(PAKISTAN BOTANICAL SOC, 2014) Islek, Cemil; Ustun, A. S.; Koc, E.
The effect of different concentrations of cellulase on the production of capsaicin in freely suspended cell and immobilized cell cultures of Kahramanmaras pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum L.) were studied. Calluses were obtained from in vitro germinated hypocotyl explants of pepper seedlings and cell suspensions were prepared from these calluses. Immobilized cell suspension cultures with calcium alginate and free cell suspension cultures were obtained by using cell suspensions. Elicitor such as cellulase (5-30 mu g/ml), was applied both for the free and immobilized cell suspensions and control group without elicitor was prepared. The concentration of capsaicin in freely suspended cells, immobilized cells and their filtrates were identified by HPLC after extraction with ethyl acetate. It was found that the immobilization process had an increasing effect on the capsaicin accumulation. The concentration of capsaicin in the immobilized cells for both control groups and elicitor added samples was higher than the free cells. In general, capsaicin concentration in the filtrate for free cells was higher than the immobilized cells. When all the cellulase and the sampling hours were compared, the highest capsaicin concentration for the immobilized cells was determined as 362,91 mu g/g f.w. at the 24th hour for 30 mu g/ml cellulase applied samples.
The effects of cellulase on capsaicin production in freely suspended cells and immobilized cell cultures of Capsicum annuum L.
(Pakistan Botanical Society, 2014) Islek, Cemil; Ustun, A.S.; Koc, E.
The effect of different concentrations of cellulase on the production of capsaicin in freely suspended cell and immobilized cell cultures of Kahramanmaraş pepper seeds (Capsicum annuum L.) were studied. Calluses were obtained from in vitro germinated hypocotyl explants of pepper seedlings and cell suspensions were prepared from these calluses. Immobilized cell suspension cultures with calcium alginate and free cell suspension cultures were obtained by using cell suspensions. Elicitor such as cellulase (5-30 ?g/ml), was applied both for the free and immobilized cell suspensions and control group without elicitor was prepared. The concentration of capsaicin in freely suspended cells, immobilized cells and their filtrates were identified by HPLC after extraction with ethyl acetate. It was found that the immobilization process had an increasing effect on the capsaicin accumulation. The concentration of capsaicin in the immobilized cells for both control groups and elicitor added samples was higher than the free cells. In general, capsaicin concentration in the filtrate for free cells was higher than the immobilized cells. When all the cellulase and the sampling hours were compared, the highest capsaicin concentration for the immobilized cells was determined as 362,91 ?g/g f.w. at the 24th hour for 30 ?g/ml cellulase applied samples. © 2014, Pakistan Botanical Society. All rights reserved.
Using high hydrostatic pressure as an abiotic elicitor strategy for improving capsaicin production in free and immobilized cell suspension cultures of Capsicum annuum L.
(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Islek, Cemil; Koc, Esra; Altuner, Ergin Murat; Alpas, Hami
In this study, the effects of immobilization and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on capsaicin production in cell suspension culture of pepper seeds at different application times were investigated. Callus cultures were obtained from in vitro germinated hypocotyl explants of pepper seedlings and cell suspensions were prepared from calluses. Immobilized cell suspension cultures with calcium alginate and free cell suspension cultures were obtained by using these cell suspensions. 50, 100, 200, 300 and 400 MPa were applied to both free and immobilized cell suspensions as an elicitor. When all the results were compared, the highest amount of capsaicin was achieved in immobilized cell suspensions on the tenth day as 293.187 mu g/g f.w at 400 MPa pressure. As a result, it can be concluded that the combined application of immobilization and elicitor (HHP) caused significant increases (p < .05) in the amount of capsaicin.

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