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    Effects of temperature on baseline susceptibility and stability of insecticide resistance against Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in the absence of selection pressure
    (Elsevier, 2020) Jaleel, Waqar; Saeed, Shafqat; Naqqash, Muhammad Nadir; Sial, Muhammad Umair; Ali, Muqarrab; Zaka, Syed Muhammad; Sarwar, Zahid Mahmood
    Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) is an important pest causing significant losses to vegetables worldwide. Insecticides resistance in P. xylostella is a serious issue for scientists since last 30 years. However, deltamethrin and Bt Cry1Ac are commonly used insecticides against P. xylostella but studies involving development of resistance in P. xylostella against these two insecticides at different temperatures are lacking. The current study was aimed to find out the toxicity of deltamethrin and Bt Cry1Ac, and resistance development in P. xylostella. Results showed that the positive correlation between the temperature and toxicities of deltamethrin and Bt Cry1Ac. The results indicated -0.051, -0.049, -0.047, and -0.046 folds of deltamethrin resistance at 15 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 25 degrees C, and 30 degrees C temperatures, respectively from 1st to 12th generations. The toxicity of Bt Cry1Ac after 24 h was 2.2 and 4.8 folds on 1st generation at 20 degrees C and 25 degrees C temperatures, respectively compared to the toxicity recorded at 15 degrees C (non-overlapping of 95% confidence limits). Based on the results of this study, it is concluded that the temperature has a positive correlation with the toxicity of deltamethrin and Bt Cry1Ac against the larvae of P. xylostella. This study suggests that deltamethrin and Bt Cry1Ac can be included in the management program of P. xylostella on many vegetable crops. The baseline susceptibility data might be helpful to understand the resistance mechanisms in P. xylostella. (C) 2019 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
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    Fitness parameters of Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera; Plutellidae) at four constant temperatures by using age-stage, two-sex life tables
    (Elsevier, 2019) Saeed, Shafqat; Jaleel, Waqar; Naqqash, Muhammad Nadir; Saeed, Qamar; Zaka, Syed Muhammad; Sarwar, Zahid Mahmood; Ishtiaq, Muhammad
    Different temperature zones have significant impact on the population dynamics of Plutella xylostella. Effective management of P. xylostella requires the knowledge of temperature tolerance by different life stages. In the current study, fitness parameters of diamondback moth were reported by using age-stage, two-sex life table traits at four constant temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 degrees C). The life cycle of P. xylostella was significantly longer at 15 degrees C. The 20 degrees C level of temperature was found optimal for fecundity, gross reproductive rate (51.74 offspring) and net reproductive rate (44.35 offspring per individual). The adult pre-oviposition period was statistically at par at all four level of temperatures. However, the survival was maximum at 20 degrees C as compared to other three temperature ranges. Based on the current study, it was concluded that temperature has a great role in population build-up of P. xylostella and effective management tactics should be applied to prevent significant damage to cabbage and other cruciferous crops when the temperature in the field is near 20 degrees C. (C) 2018 Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.
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    Genus Spodoptera (Hadeninae: Noctuidae: Lepidoptera): A New Species from Southern Punjab, Pakistan
    (Zoological Soc Pakistan, 2021) Sarwar, Zahid Mahmood; Malik, Ayub Iqbal; Suhail, Maryam; Saeed, Shafqat; Sial, Muhammad Umair; Jaleel, Waqar; Naqqash, Muhammad Nadir
    A comprehensive and a comparative taxonomic study of new species of the genus Spodoptera i.e. Spodoptera hirsutus is very similar to the Spodoptera litura but easily distinguish on the basis of different characters of genitalia. Specimens of this genus were identified on the base of their genitalia characters. This new species Spodoptera hirsutus was collected from Muzzafarghar with the help of light traps. The abdomen was dissected for the removal of genitalia and these genitalia were mounted permanently with Hoyer's medium. A key to the species of the genus Spodoptera from Pakistan is also given here. Taxonomic review of Noctuidae becomes superlative and very essential with this contextual the state of Pakistan. This was selected to the taxonomic study of Noctuidae. This research is initiative clue for further description, illustration and classification of unidentified species of the genus Spodoptera from Pakistan.
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    The effect of blow flies (Diptera: Calliphoridae) on the size and weight of mangos (Mangifera indica L.)
    (PEERJ INC, 2016) Saeed, Shafqat; Naqqash, Muhammad Nadir; Jaleel, Waqar; Saeed, Qamar; Ghouri, Fozia
    Background: Pollination has a great effect on the yield of fruit trees. Blow flies are considered as an effective pollinator compared to hand pollination in fruit orchards. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of different pollination methods in mango orchards. Methodology: The impact of pollination on quantity and quality of mango yield by blow flies was estimated by using three treatments, i.e., open pollinated trees, trees were covered by a net in the presence of blow flies for pollination, and trees were covered with a net but without insects. Results: The maximum number of flowers was recorded in irregular types of inflorescence, i.e., 434.80 flowers/inflorescence. Fruit setting (bud) was higher in open pollinated mango trees (i.e. 37.00/inflorescence) than enclosed pollination by blow flies (i.e. 22.34/inflorescence). The size of the mango fruit was the highest (5.06 mm) in open pollinated tree than those pollinated by blow flies (3.93 mm) and followed by without any pollinator (3.18 mm) at marble stage. We found that the maximum weight of mango fruit (201.19 g) was in open pollinated trees. Discussion: The results demonstrated that blow flies can be used as effective mango pollinators along with other flies and bees. The blow flies have shown a positive impact on the quality and quantity of mango. This study will be helpful in future and also applicable at farm level to use blow flies as pollinators that are cheap and easy to rear.
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    Toxicological Studies on Some Important Chemicals Against Dysdercus koenigii Fabr (Hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)
    (ZOOLOGICAL SOC PAKISTAN, 2016) Saeed, Shafqat; Naqqash, Muhammad Nadir; Jaleel, Waqar
    Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is life blood for the economy of Pakistan. Pakistan is the fourth largest cotton producer in the world. Yield of cotton in Pakistan is lesser as compared to international standard, due to attack of insect pests and diseases. Due to large scale adoption of Bt cotton, bollworms are not a major problem however attack of sucking pests have increased. Among the sucking pests, red cotton bug (Dysdercus koenigii Fabr) is an emerging pest, so there is urgent need of devising its control strategies so since from last 10 years its big stainer problem in Pakistan. Chemical control is adapted by approximately all farmers for about all types of pests in Pakistan. Seed dip method was used for the evaluation of toxicity of lufenuron (050 EC), chlorfenpyr (360 SC), deltamethrin (10 EC) and chlorpyrifos (40 EC) against 4th and 5th instar of D. koenigii after rearing in the laboratory. Susceptibility decreases in later instars i.e. with increase in vigor. Order of toxicity was chlorpyrifos>deltamethrin>lufenuron>chlorfenpyr. As the chlorpyrifos is a broad spectrum insecticide and is effective against a variety of insect-pests so it gave the best results in laboratory. Integrated pest management strategies include all the available control methods in a compatible manner to control a particular pest so only chemical control should not be focused and IPM strategies should be devised for the control of D. koenigii.
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    Toxicological studies on some important chemicals against dysdercus koenigii fabr (hemiptera: Pyrrhocoridae)
    (University of Punjab (new Campus), 2016) Saeed, Shafqat; Naqqash, Muhammad Nadir; Jaleel, Waqar
    Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is life blood for the economy of Pakistan. Pakistan is the fourth largest cotton producer in the world. Yield of cotton in Pakistan is lesser as compared to international standard, due to attack of insect pests and diseases. Due to large scale adoption of Bt cotton, bollworms are not a major problem however attack of sucking pests have increased. Among the sucking pests, red cotton bug (Dysdercus koenigii Fabr) is an emerging pest, so there is urgent need of devising its control strategies so since from last 10 years its big stainer problem in Pakistan. Chemical control is adapted by approximately all farmers for about all types of pests in Pakistan. Seed dip method was used for the evaluation of toxicity of lufenuron (050 EC), chlorfenpyr (360 SC), deltamethrin (10 EC) and chlorpyrifos (40 EC) against 4th and 5th instar of D. koenigii after rearing in the laboratory. Susceptibility decreases in later instars i.e. with increase in vigor. Order of toxicity was chlorpyrifos>deltamethrin>lufenuron>chlorfenpyr. As the chlorpyrifos is a broad spectrum insecticide and is effective against a variety of insect-pests so it gave the best results in laboratory. Integrated pest management strategies include all the available control methods in a compatible manner to control a particular pest so only chemical control should not be focused and IPM strategies should be devised for the control of D. koenigii. © Copyright 2016 Zoological Society of Pakistan.