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    A new chromosomal race (2n=44) of Nannospalax xanthodon from Turkey (Mammalia: Rodentia)
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2017) Kankilic, Teoman; Arslan, Atilla; Seker, Perincek Seckinozan; Kankilic, Tolga; Toyran, Kubilay; Zima, Jan
    A new karyotype for blind mole rats was recorded in Tunceli province in Eastern Turkey. The karyotype contained 44 chromosomes, including 13 biarmed pairs, 7 acrocentric pairs, and one heteromorphic pair with a submetacentric and an acrocentric homologue in the autosomal complement (FNa=69). The X chromosome was submetacentric and the Y chromosome medium-sized subtelocentric (FN=73). Distinct dark centromeric C-bands were observed on most of the biarmed and three pairs of the acrocentric autosomes. The NORs were detected on short arms of three subtelocentric pairs and one acrocentric pair of autosomes. The diploid number of chromosomes and the karyotype characteristics observed are obviously unique among hitherto studied populations of blind mole rats and the complement can be evaluated as a new chromosome race of Nannospalax xanthodon. The distribution ranges of individual chromosome races of the species recorded in Eastern Anatolia are revised and possible interracial hybridization is discussed in respect of the finding of a new race.
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    Allozyme variations in Anatolian populations and cytotypes of the blind mole rats (Nannospalax)
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2015) Kankilic, Teoman; Kankilic, Tolga; Sozen, Mustafa; Colak, Ercument
    Enzymatic proteins encoded by 28 putative loci in 326 samples of 12 mol rat cytotypes collected from 97 localities in Anatolia were investigated by standard horizontal starch-gel electrophoresis. A total of 61 alleles were determined for 28 isozyme loci and 23 of the 28 were polymorphic. Eight of the 23 polymorphic loci were agreeable to the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium. It was determined that deviations from the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium in the examined populations were due to a heterozygote deficiency. It was revealed by allozyme analyses that mole rat populations in Anatolia have formed 4 cytotypes groups, represented by 4 species (Nannospalax xanthodon, Nannospalax ehrenbergi, N. cilicicus, and N. nehringi). Cytotypes in western Anatolia (2n = 36, 2n = 38, 2n = 40, 2n = 52) showed private alleles in different enzyme systems; therefore, these cytotypes were genetically different, both from each other and other cytotypes. Although cytotypes in central Anatolia (2n = 52S, 2n = 56, 2n = 58, and 2n = 60) contained a different diploid chromosome number, they showed identical patterns in terms of their allele content in the 28 enzymatic loci. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Comparison of the chromosome banding patterns in Dryomys laniger and D. nitedula from Turkey
    (TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2016) Arslan, Atilla; Kankilic, Teoman; Yorulmaz, Tarkan; Kankilic, Tolga; Zima, Jan
    The karyotypes of Dryomys laniger and D. nitedula from Turkey were studied using C-banding and AgNOR staining. The standard karyotypes found in both species were fairly similar to previously published data (2n = 46, NF = 92 in D. laniger; 2n = 48, NF = 96 in D. nitedula). The C-banding pattern revealed a relatively small amount of heterochromatin in both karyotypes and C-heterochromatin was concentrated at centromeric areas of most autosomes and the X chromosome. Heterochromatin changes have apparently not been responsible for karyotypic divergences between the studied species. The AgNORs were recorded in the pericentromeric region of two autosome pairs in the complement of D. laniger, and at a single autosome pair of D. nitedula. The complement of D. laniger could be derived from that of D. nitedula after a tandem fusion of two autosomal pairs, and the assumed rearrangement also included the NOR region.
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    Contributions to the Karyology and Distribution Areas of Cytotypes of Nannospalax leucodon (Rodentia: Spalacidae) in Western Anatolia
    (INST ZOOLOGY, BAS, 2010) Kankilic, Teoman; Kankilic, Tolga; Seker, Perincek Seckin; Colak, Reyhan; Selvi, Engin; Colak, Ercuement
    Mole rats of the genus Nannospalax having high karyotypic variability (chromosome numbers ranging from 2n = 36 to 2n = 62) are dominant mammals occupying the subterranean niche in Anatolia. Respective distributional ranges of karyotypic forms within this taxon remain uncertain due to insufficient data. In the present study, karyological analyses of 36 specimens belonging to N. nehringi were examined from 10 sampling sites of Western Turkey. During the study, five karyotypic forms were recorded (2n = 36 NF = 68 from Aydin, 2n = 40 NF = 72 from Isparta, 2n = 56 NF = 72 from Usak, 2n = 60 NF = 78 from Isparta and 2n = 60 NF = 84 from Denizli and Burdur). When distribution areas of karyotipic forms are considered, these karyotypes are new records for this taxon in Turkey. In addition, this study aims to determine the most likely distribution areas of the four chromosome forms (2n = 36, 40, 56, 60) in Turkey paying attention on previously verified localities data.
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    Genetic Diversity and Geographic Variation of Chromosomal races of Nannospalax xanthodon (Nordmann, 1840) and Nannospalax ehrenbergi (Nehring, 1898) from Turkey, Revealed by RAPD Analysis
    (INST ZOOLOGY, BAS, 2013) Kankilic, Teoman; Kankilic, Tolga; Sozen, Mustafa; Colak, Ercument
    The level of genetic polymorphism in chromosomal races of Nannospalax xanthodon and Nannospalax ehrenbergi was determined by applying random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) analysis. One hundred and fifty four mole rat samples belonging to two species N. xanthodon (61 populations) and N. ehrenbergi (3 populations) distributed in Anatolia were studied. Remarkable variations of diploid chromosome numbers were identified for N. xanthodon (2n=36-60). Eleven RAPD-PCR primers generated 160 polymorphic loci. The mean proportion of polymorphic loci was 92% (147 bands) for all chromosomal race implying high levels of genetic variability in N. xanthodon and N. ehrenbergi. Estimation of genetic diversity based on PCR amplification of RAPDs was high for both species. Results of RAPD- PCR observed within and among species were also connected with the peripatric mode of speciation. We determined that RAPD bands showed high diagnostic value between chromosomal races as they were very distinctive for each chromosomal race and absent from other forms. Genetic distance (1),) values between chromosomal races suggest that most populations analyzed in this study may be valid biological species.
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    Genetic Variations of Growth Hormone Receptor Exon 10 in Blind Mole-Rat Superspecies (Rodentia: Spalacidae) in Turkey
    (Inst Zoology, Bas, 2024) Kankilic, Teoman; Tatyuz, Ilhan; Kankilic, Tolga; Civelek, Ilkay; Senol, Ozhan
    A phylogenetic analysis of 16 cytotypes in a sample of 105 blind mole -rats of the genus Nannospalax Palmer, 1903 from the entire Anatolian region has been carried out. Three superspecies (N. xanthodon, N. leucodon and N. ehrenbergi) were found to have undergone monophyletic radiations. We determined that the superspecies N. ehrenbergi and N. xanthodon contain a mixture of cryptic species distributed in the Anatolian part of Turkey. Our study indicated a fundamental split between two groups, one consisting of populations of N. ehrenbergi from the South-eastern Anatolia and the other including the remaining taxa (N. xanthodon and N. leucodon) from the remaining regions of Anatolia and from Thrace. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that there were two new unnamed cryptic species (2n=48-52 cytotype group and 2n=56 cytotype group) within the superspecies N. ehrenbergi that were reciprocally monophyletic. We reviewed species identified by traditional morphological methods to determine their taxonomic validity. We suggest that N. cilicicus (stat. n.), which is endemic to the central Anatolia, has to be considered a distinct species and not a synonym of N. xanthodon.
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    Morphological and biometrical comparisons of the baculum in the genus Nannospalax Palmer, 1903 (Rodentia: Spalacidae) from Turkey with consideration of its taxonomic importance
    (TUBITAK SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL RESEARCH COUNCIL TURKEY, 2014) Kankilic, Teoman; Kankilic, Tolga; Seker, Perincek Seckin Ozan; Kivanc, Erkut
    The morphological variability of the baculum (os penis) of 147 adult specimens of species in the genus Nannospalax from 58 localities in Turkey was examined using morphological and numerical taxonomic methods. Significant differences among all of the Turkish species in the genus were determined by morphological and biometrical comparison of the bacula, and the results of this study showed that N. nehringi and N. xanthodon are separate species and that the names are not synonyms. Additionally, because the central Anatolian mole rat populations that were classified by previous studies as members of N. nehringi or N. xanthodon had highly different baculum morphologies, these populations were classified as a different species (N. labaumei) in this study. When compared to the other populations, the central Anatolian populations, which have greater diploid chromosomal sets (2n = 56, 58, 60), had very different baculum morphologies. Whereas individuals of the species N. labaumei had the smallest bacula, the largest baculum occurred in a representative of the species N. leucodon. From this study, the results indicate that 5 different blind mole rat species (N. ehrenbergi, N. leucodon, N. nehringi, N. xanthodon, and N. labaumei) live in Turkey, and in addition to these species, some of the chromosomal races (2n = 36, 40, 52) should be treated as distinct species.
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    Phylogenetic Inference from 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing in Chromosome Races of the Genus Nannospalax Species (Rodentia: Spalacidae)
    (Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2024) Kankilic, Teoman; Celikbilek, Habibe Didem; Kankilic, Tolga; Seker, Perincek Seckinozan; Selvi, Engin; Civelek, Ilkay
    In this study, we aimed to develop a species-level phylogeny for the Nannospalax genus, identify cryptic species that are difficult to differentiate using standard methods, and further evaluate the relationships across chromosomal forms of several species. 16S rRNA gene sequences from 81 Turkish regions were evaluated and statistical analyzes were conducted. Results are as follows; (i) Nannospalax cilicicus was found to be monophyletic and sister in relation to Nannospalax xanthodon; (ii) We suggested for the first time that the Central-Anatolian populations should be classified under the species name Nannospalax cilicicus (stat. n.); (iii) the unidentified 2n = 52 cytotypes from Bolu and Nannospalax leucodon cytotypes were reciprocally monophyletic, these data support the notion that the 2n = 52 cytotypes from Bolu belong to an unidentified taxon; (iv) study also offered evidence for the monophyly of N. tuncelicus for the first time; (v) Nannospalax xanthodon (2n = 36, 38, and 40) and Nannospalax nehringi composed several species-specific clades, which form polytomy structure, so relationships between these species are still unclear.