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    2D-axisymmetrical modeling and experimental study of hydrogen absorption in copper coated metal hydride
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Atalmis, Gamze; Toros, Serkan; Timurkutluk, Bora; Kaplan, Yuksel
    The storage of hydrogen in metal hydride reactors is examined experimentally and numerically in this paper. In this respect, as-received LaNi5 powders are coated with different amounts of copper by using copper sulphate solution to accelerate the hydrogen charging processes. The thermal conductivity of the copper-coated storage material is found to reach up to 8 times of the uncoated powders. A two-dimensional axisymmetric model regarding complex heat and mass transfer occurring during hydrogen charging process in metal hydride reactors is numerically solved at macro level. The developed model is validated by using experimental data related to the amount of hydrogen stored and the reactor temperatures. In accordance with the experimental results, the simulation results show that more homogenous temperature distribution in the reactor can be obtained with the copper coating due to improved thermal properties. Moreover, charging time is also improved by the copper coating. However, since the reactor is loaded with coated/uncoated LaNi5 powders at the same weight of 65 g, the total amount of hydrogen stored decreases with the copper coating due to reduced amount of LaNi5. (c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    A comprehensive review on battery thermal management system for better guidance and operation
    (Wiley, 2023) Altuntop, Enis Selcuk; Erdemir, Dogan; Kaplan, Yuksel; Ozceyhan, Veysel
    Batteries are essential to mobilization and electrification as they are used in a wide range of applications, from electric vehicles to small mobile devices. All these devices are powered with AC or DC inside their systems, so they require different battery systems depending on their technical requirements. Batteries show unique characteristics depending on their types, and their needs vary based on their performance, ambient conditions, and so forth. One of the main demands for them is thermal stability. For batteries, thermal stability is not just about safety; it's also about economics, the environment, performance, and system stability. This paper has evaluated over 200 papers and harvested their data to build a collective understanding of battery thermal management systems (BTMSs). These studies are specifically designed to solve different problems. This paper has been prepared to show what these systems are, how they work, what they have been designed for, and under what conditions they should be applied. The BTMSs have been evaluated based on their method, method tools, discharge rate, maximum temperature, temperature difference values, and ambient and inlet temperatures. After evaluating over 200 studies, the results indicate that the passive BTMSs are not useful the cases where the temperature reaches higher values suddenly, especially for system systems that require higher discharge rates. On the other hand, active cooling methods do not manage the temperature difference in the battery cells. However, hybrid cooling methods address both cases admirably by compensating for both of their weaknesses and bringing out their advantages. The general optimum temperature for lithium battery batteries is 55 & DEG;C. Even though there are many other parameters that need to be considered before making a decision for a BTMS design, the best performance for an optimum system seems to be methods 34, 38, and 22 as they are able to provide lower maximum temperature and temperature difference in the cells.
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    A review on cell/stack designs for high performance solid oxide fuel cells
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016) Timurkutluk, Bora; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Mat, Mahmut D.; Kaplan, Yuksel
    Besides the general advantages of fuel cells, including clean and quiet operation, solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) as being one of the high-temperature fuel cells also provide a relatively high efficiency due to enhanced reaction kinetics at high operating temperatures, The high operation temperature of SOFC also enables internal reforming of most hydrocarbons and can tolerate small quantities of impurities in the fuel. However, a high operation temperature limits the SOFC application areas to stationary applications because of a long start-up period and also is not desirable from the viewpoint of cost reduction and longterm stability especially for the cell materials. Therefore, the lowering the operation temperature of SOFCs is crucial for the cost reduction and the long term operation without degradation as well as the commercialization of the SOFC systems. The reduced operating temperature also helps to reduce the time and to save the energy required for the system start-up enabling SOFCs to have wider application areas including mobile/portable ones. Apart from the low operating temperature, the high performance along with a small volume is another requirement for SOFC to be used in mobile applications. Both can be achieved by fabricating novel SOFCs generating a high power output at low operating temperatures. Therefore, this paper reviews the current status and related research on the development of these high performance-SOFC cell/stack designs. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Anode-supported solid oxide fuel cells with ion conductor infiltration
    (WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2011) Timurkutluk, Bora; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Mat, Mahmut D.; Kaplan, Yuksel
    Nano ion conductor infiltration to anode andcathode side of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) significantly improves the performance of an SOFC. The effects of processing parameters such as molar concentration, sintering temperature and holding time are investigated. The performance of fuel cell is evaluated with a test station and an impedance analyzer. The SEM investigation showed that a nano ion conductor phase forms around the main phase in the anode and the cathode. The results showed that nano infiltration enhances significantly the performance of SOFC. The power density is found to increase around two times with infiltration. It is also found that the particle size and the porosity significantly affect the performance of infiltrated SOFC cell. While smaller infiltrated grains enhance the performance lower porosity adversely affects the performance. Copyrightr (C) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    APPLICATION OF A BUBBLE-INDUCED TURBULENCE MODEL TO SUBCOOLED BOILING IN A VERTICAL PIPE
    (American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), 1999) Mat, Mahmut D.; Kaplan, Yuksel; Ilegbusi, Olusegun J.
    Subcooled boiling of water in a vertical pipe is numerically investigated. The mathematical model involves solution of transport equations for vapor and liquid phase separately. Turbulence model considers the turbulence production and dissipation by the motion of the bubbles. The radial and axial void fractions, temperature and velocity profiles in the pipe are calculated. The estimated results are compared to experimental data available in the literature. It is found that while present study satisfactorily agrees with experimental data in the literature, it improves the prediction at lower void fractions. © 1999 American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). All rights reserved.
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    Application of a coating mixture for solid oxide fuel cell interconnects
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2015) Unal, Fatma Aydin; Mat, Mahmut D.; Demir, Ibrahim; Kaplan, Yuksel; Veziroglu, Nejat
    Due to high operating temperature (800-1000 degrees C) of SOFC's, limited number of alloys can be employed for the purpose of current collection. The electrical conductivity of these alloys usually decreases during the operation of SOFC because of highly corrosive cathode (air side) environment. Cr evaporation from such alloys is also an important problem of performance degradation. A spinel Mn1.5Co1.5O4 and perovskite La0.60Sr0.40FeO3 mixture is coated on Crofer alloy for corrosion and chromium protection in the cathode side of a SOFC. In study firstly, the performance of the fuel cell with the Crofer 22 APU as interconnect material was measured up to 100 h without any coating. Secondly, using a screen printing method, bare Crofer 22 APU was coated with Mn1.5Co1.5O4 and finally Mn1.5Co1.5O4 + La0.60Sr0.40FeO3 ceramic powder slurries were employed as the coating material. Then, the performances of a SOFC short stack with interconnects coated by two methods were compared with uncoated interconnect. Results show that uncoated interconnect experienced a significant performance lost from 4.5 W to 3.8 W. On the other hand the cells with screen printing coated with a mixture Mn1.5Co1.5O4 and La0.60Sr0.40FeO3 exhibited decreases only from 5.78 W to 5.42 W in the short-term performance tests. Copyright (c) 2015, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Development and testing of a highly efficient proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer stack
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2011) Selamet, Omer Faruk; Becerikli, Fatih; Mat, Mahmut D.; Kaplan, Yuksel
    Integrated with the renewable energy resources such as wind and solar energy, a Proton Exchange Membrane (PEM) water electrolyzer is one of the important methods for hydrogen production due to its high efficiency, compact structure, releasing no harmful emission and possibility to store the product hydrogen directly to high pressure tanks. In this study, development stages of a highly efficient PEM electrolyzer stack are presented. First, a single cell is developed and its performance is improved from 74% to 87% through design and materials enhancement. Then a 10-cell stack is developed and its operating parameters are optimized for high efficiency. The 10-cell stack produces 5 l/min hydrogen at 1.35 A/cm(2). The single cell is tested for 2000 hours continuously and an acceptable degradation rate of 1.5 mu V/h is measured. Copyright (C) 2011, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Development of high-performance anode supported solid oxide fuel cell
    (WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2012) Timurkutluk, Bora; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Mat, Mahmut D.; Kaplan, Yuksel
    A high performance five-layered anode supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is developed by low-cost tape casting, co-sintering, and screen printing techniques. The cell is composed of NiO/scandium stabilized zirconia (ScSZ) anode support, NiO/ScSZ anode functional layer (AFL), ScSZ electrolyte, lanthanum strontium ferrite (LSF)/ScSZ cathode functional layer, and LSF cathode current collecting layer. The effects of fabrication parameters on the cell performance are investigated and optimized, including co-sintering temperature, thickness of the anode support, and AFL. The effects of GDC ion conducting phase impregnated into both electrodes also are investigated. The microstructure of the cell is observed using a scanning electron microscope, and the cell performances at various operation temperatures are evaluated by a fuel cell test station. The final cell produces 1.34 W.cm(-2) maximum power density at an operation temperature of 700 degrees C. The high performance is attributed to optimized cell structure as well as increase in the oxide ion conductivity and three-phase boundaries of both anode and cathode layers by nano ion conductor infiltration. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Effect of expanded natural graphite addition and copper coating on reaction kinetics and hydrogen storage characteristics of metal hydride reactors
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Atalmis, Gamze; Toros, Serkan; Timurkutluk, Bora; Kaplan, Yuksel
    Experimental and numerical studies are carried out to determine the effects of copper coating and/or ENG (expanded natural graphite) addition on the hydrogen storage performance of ground LaNi5. The amounts of copper coating and/or ENG addition are also investigated. The results reveal that the thermal conductivity of ground LaNi5 can be improved by up to similar to 6 and similar to 12 times with copper coating and ENG addition, respectively. This results in enhanced hydrogen absorption kinetics thereby significantly reduced hydrogen charging times, compared to those determined for LaNi5 without any addition. On the other hand, the amount of hydrogen stored shows a decreasing trend with increasing copper coating and ENG addition since the weight of storage material loaded to the reactor is kept the same. Nevertheless, the optimum copper and ENG contents are determined regarding the amount of stored hydrogen and the corresponding charging time. Similar H/M values are obtained with the optimized powders with additives compared to that of ground LaNi5. Based on these results, various new samples are also prepared by mixing the decided copper coated LaNi5 and ENG added LaNi5 powders and examined to optimize the composition of these blended powders.
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    Effect of Nano Ion Conductor Infiltration on the Performance of Anode Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
    (ELECTROCHEMICAL SOC INC, 2009) Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Timurkutluk, Bora; Mat, Mahmut D.; Kaplan, Yuksel; Ibrahimoglu, Beycan; Pamuk, Ibrahim; Singhal, SC; Yokokawa, H
    A high performance anode supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is developed by low-cost tape casting, co-sintering and nano-ion conductor infiltration techniques. A mixture of gadolinium and cerium nitrate solution is infiltrated into both anode and cathode layers and fired at a temperature that gadolinium nitrate and cerium nitrate undergoes a solid state reaction and forms nano ion conductor phase in both electrodes. The effect of molar concentrations and firing temperature of nano ion conductor phase on the cell performance are investigated. The measurements show that nano-sized ion conductor infiltration significantly improves the cell performance. The cell provides 1.718 Wcm(-2) maximum power density at an operation temperature of 750 degrees C. The high performance is attributed to increase in the oxide ion conductivity and three phase boundaries of both anode and cathode layers by nano ion-conductor infiltration.
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    Effects of ceramic based pastes on electrochemical performance of solid oxide fuel cells
    (ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2014) Mat, Abdullah; Timurkutluk, Bora; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Kaplan, Yuksel
    Various commercially available anode and cathode materials are investigated as the anode and cathode contact paste, respectively, for solid oxide fuel cells. In order to obtain a printable paste, chosen materials are mixed with an organic vehicle and a thinner as well as a pore former. The effect of the contact materials on the cell performance is evaluated experimentally via cell performance measurements by installing a short stack. The pastes are brush painted on the corresponding interconnector and current collecting mesh. A short stack without any contact paste is also tested for comparison as a base case. The impedance and microstructural analyses are also performed through an impedance analyzer and a scanning electron microscope, respectively. The effects of solid loading for two anode and two cathode contact paste materials which provide the best two performances during the electrochemical performance tests are also studied. After optimizing the solid loading in the anode and cathode contact paste according to the performance results, the best contact materials for each side are decided. The final short stack is then installed by using the best combination of contact pastes and then tested. The final cell shows 0.39 W cm(-2) and 0.90 W cm(-2) peak power densities at 700 degrees C and 800 degrees C, respectively, whereas the base cell provides only 0.26 W cm(-2) peak power density at 800 degrees C. The improvement in the cell performance is considered to be due to the enhanced contact and better current collecting by employing contact pastes. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.
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    Effects of electrolyte pattern on mechanical and electrochemical properties of solid oxide fuel cells
    (ELSEVIER SCI LTD, 2012) Timurkutluk, Bora; Celik, Selahattin; Toros, Serkan; Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Mat, Mahmut D.; Kaplan, Yuksel
    In order to enhance the electrochemical performance and reduce the operation temperature of a conventional electrolyte supported solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), a three layered electrolyte with various geometry is designed and fabricated. Novel three layered electrolytes comprise a dense and thin scandia alumina stabilized zirconia (ScAlSZ) electrolyte layer sandwiched between two hallow ScAlSZ electrolyte layers each having the same thickness as the support but machined into a filter like architecture in the active region with circular, rectangular and triangular cut off patterns. The percent of thin electrolyte layer in the active region is kept constant as 30% for all designs in order to investigate the effect of pattern geometry on the mechanical properties and the performance of the electrolytes. Single cells based on novel electrolytes are manufactured and electrochemical properties are evaluated. A standard electrolyte and electrolyte supported cell are also fabricated as a base case for comparison. Although the electrolyte having triangular patterns has the highest peak power at all operation temperatures considered, it exhibits the lowest flexural strength. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd and Techna Group S.r.l. All rights reserved.
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    Effects of mesh and interconnector design on solid oxide fuel cell performance
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2015) Canavar, Murat; Kaplan, Yuksel
    In this study, three different nickel based meshes are investigated as an anode side current collector and flow-field for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) to reduce the fabrication cost. The same meshes are also tested on the conventional interconnectors with machined gas channels for comparison. Eight different short stacks are installed for this purpose. The characterizations of the short stacks are achieved via performance tests together with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analyses. The experimental results reveal that the woven nickel mesh provides the required current collection and can act as an anode flow-field. It is also found that the spot welding of this mesh significantly improves the cell performance due to the enhanced contact between the mesh and the interconnector. Therefore, the spot welded nickel mesh can be directly employed on the anode interconnector as an effective anode current collector and flow-field without machining gas channels to reduce the SOFC cell/stack fabrication cost. Copyright (C) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Effects of operating parameters on the performance of a high-pressure proton exchange membrane electrolyzer
    (WILEY-BLACKWELL, 2013) Selamet, Omer F.; Acar, M. Caner; Mat, Mahmut D.; Kaplan, Yuksel
    In this study, a 100-cm2 single-cell and a 10-cell stack PEM electrolyzers are designed and manufactured, and the effects of operating parameters such as temperature, pressure, and feed water flow rate on the performance of the PEM electrolyzer are investigated. The hydrogen production capacity of the 10-cell stack is measured to be 7 NL/min hydrogen at 1 A/cm2 current density and atmospheric pressure. Both the single-cell and the 10-cell stack can directly supply both oxygen and hydrogen gases up to 50 bars. The operating temperature is found to be most important parameter affecting on the performance. An 87% efficiency is achieved in single cell at 80 degrees C and 1 A/cm2 current density. Copyright (c) 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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    Empirical relationship for humidity and temperature at Quetta, Pakistan
    (2009) Ilyas, Syed Zafar; Nasir, S.M.; Kaplan, Yuksel
    A Gaussian trend for humidity versus temperature is confirmed by a theoretical fit, i.e., (Ht h = sqrt(H02 lne (frac(T0, K)))) where T0 and H0 are the experimental values of the temperature and humidity, respectively and K is a constant. © 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Experimental optimization of the fabrication parameters for anode-supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Timurkutluk, Cigdem; Timurkutluk, Bora; Kaplan, Yuksel
    A systematic optimization of several parameters significant in the fabrication of anode-supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cell via extrusion and dip coating is presented in this study. Co-sintering temperature of anode-support and electrolyte, the vehicle type and solid powder content used in electrolyte dip-coating slurry, electrolyte submersion time, cathode sintering temperature, powder ratio in the cathode functional layer, submersion time for the cathode functional layer and, submersion time and coating number of the anode functional layer are studied in this respect and optimized in the given order according to the performance tests and microstructural analyses. The performance of the micro-tubular cell is significantly improved to 0.49 Wcm(-2) at 800 degrees C after the optimizations, while that of the base cell is only 0.136 Wcm(-2). 12-cell micro-tubular stack is also constructed with the optimized cells and the stack is tested. Each cell in the stack is found to show very close performance to the single-cell performance and the stack with a maximum power of similar to 26 W at an operating temperature of 800 degrees C is therefore evaluated to be successful. (c) 2020 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Impact of Temperature Optimization of ITO Thin Film on Tandem Solar Cell Efficiency
    (Mdpi, 2024) Damgaci, Elif; Kartal, Emre; Gucluer, Furkan; Seyhan, Ayse; Kaplan, Yuksel
    This study examined the impact of temperature optimization on indium tin oxide (ITO) films in monolithic HJT/perovskite tandem solar cells. ITO films were deposited using magnetron sputtering at temperatures ranging from room temperature (25 degrees C) to 250 degrees C. The sputtering target was ITO, with a mass ratio of In2O3 to SnO2 of 90% to 10%. The effects of temperature on the ITO film were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), spectroscopic ellipsometry, and sheet resistance measurements. Results showed that all ITO films exhibited a polycrystalline morphology, with diffraction peaks corresponding to planes (211), (222), (400), (440), and (622), indicating a cubic bixbyite crystal structure. The light transmittance exceeded 80%, and the sheet resistance was 75.1 Omega/sq for ITO deposited at 200 degrees C. The optical bandgap of deposited ITO films ranged between 3.90 eV and 3.93 eV. Structural and morphological characterization of the perovskite solar cell was performed using XRD and FE-SEM. Tandem solar cell performance was evaluated by analyzing current density-voltage characteristics under simulated sunlight. By optimizing the ITO deposition temperature, the tandem cell achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.74%, resulting in enhanced tandem cell efficiency.
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    INVESTIGATION OF HYDROGEN KINETICS OF COPPER PELLETS WITH ENG ADDITIVES
    (International Association for Hydrogen Energy, IAHE, 2022) Atalmis, Gamze; Yelegen, Nebi; Demiralp, Mehmet; Kaplan, Yuksel
    In this study, the hydrogen storage capabilities and thermal conductivity of the materials will be improved by applying both expanded natural graphite (ENG) addition and copper plating methods to the LaNi5 alloy. The optimized LaNi5-Cu alloy will be selected, ENG will be added at 1%, 5%, 10% and 20% ENG to this alloy and its application together with copper will be optimized. The obtained materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET and their thermal conductivity coefficients were measured with the Hot Disk Thermal Constants Analyzer device. In addition, the effect of storage materials with improved thermal conductivity on the hydrogen charging/discharging process in the metal hydride reactor will be experimentally investigated at the determined pressure. © 2022 Proceedings of WHEC 2022 - 23rd World Hydrogen Energy Conference: Bridging Continents by H2. All rights reserved.
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    Investigation of micro-tube solid oxide fuel cell fabrication using extrusion method
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016) Mat, Abdullah; Canavar, Murat; Timurkutluk, Bora; Kaplan, Yuksel
    Extrusion is one of the most effective and inexpensive methods used in the production of ceramic tubes for tubular or micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) applications. In this method, the parameters such as the viscosity of the ceramic slurry, the extrusion speed and the die temperature need to be optimized for a high performance. In this study, anode supported micro-tubular solid oxide fuel cells are successfully fabricated via a specially designed vertical-type piston extruder machine. The die design enables the production of micro-tubular SOFCs with outer diameters from 3 to 4.5 mm. The die temperature is determined to be the most important process parameter and the suitable die temperature is ranging 40-70 degrees C depending on the slurry content. The electrolyte layer is coated on the anode support tube by vacuum assist dip coating technique and co-sintering is applied with a home-made porous sintering apparatus to avoid dimensional anomalies. The effects of the parameters such as the composition of the electrolyte solution, the vacuum pressure and the immersion time on the electrolyte thickness are investigated. It is found that the electrolyte thickness decreases when the immersion time and vacuum pressure are reduced. Moreover, the thickness of the electrolyte is found to be depended on the content of the electrolyte solution. The effect of the pre-sintering temperature on the electrolyte quality is also investigated. The sintering temperatures of 1000 degrees C and 1100 degrees C provide a similar and desired electrolyte microstructure. A peak power density of 140 mW cm(-2) is obtained at 700 degrees C from the final cell. (C) 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Investigation of temperature distribution and performance of SOFC short stack with/without machined gas channels
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016) Canavar, Murat; Mat, Abdullah; Celik, Selahattin; Timurkutluk, Bora; Kaplan, Yuksel
    Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) generate clean energy via electrochemical reactions at high operating temperatures. The distribution of the electrochemical reactions in the cell depends on the flow field design of the interconnectors. The non-uniform distribution of the reactions due to the flow field design may cause the development of thermal stresses which may lead to micro or macro cracks in the cell and thus a significant performance loss even a cell failure. In this study, the effects of operating current densities and fuel flow rates on the temperature profile within the cell and the cell performance are experimentally investigated for two different flow-field designs with Crofer 22 APU interconnectors, i.e. Design I and Design II. Design I, which mimics the conventional interconnector structure, has machined gas channels and porous nickel mesh at the anode side for the distribution of hydrogen and the collection of the current generated in the cell while at the anode side of Design II, only wire woven nickel mesh is employed. The experimental results indicate that Design II provides much more uniform temperature distributions under 20-40 A current loads and 1-2 NL/min H-2 flow rates when compared to those of Design I. Furthermore, Design II exhibits a higher peak power density than Design I at an operation temperature of 800 degrees C. (C) 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.