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    An investigation on physical, chemical, and bacteriological quality of municipally supplied and well waters of the towns and city centre in the province of Nigde, Turkey
    (CARFAX PUBLISHING, 2004) Kara, E; Ozdilek, HG; Kara, EE
    Physical, chemical, and bacteriological properties of municipally supplied water and well water in selected towns and the city centre (Nigde, population 76,000) of the province of Nigde, located in central Anatolia, in Turkey, were investigated in this study. A composition of 70 samples were collected, 31 from Nigde city centre; 17 from Bor; 8 from Ulukisla; 6 from Altunhisar; 6 from Ciftlik and 2 from Camardi. Analyses showed that all the samples collected were found to have been chemically safe to consume for domestic purposes. Twenty-three water samples were found potentially unsafe because of the existence of coliform bacteria in them, which was probably caused by the inexistence of sufficient chlorination. Physical tests indicated that 11 water samples were found to have deposit; therefore, the use of such water causes risks where human health is a concern, based upon Turkish national standards (TSE, 1984).
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    Effects of the herbicide Topogard on soil respiration, nitrification, and denitrification in potato-cultivated soils differing in pH
    (SPRINGER-VERLAG, 2004) Kara, EE; Arli, M; Uygur, V
    We investigated the effects of Topogard 50 WP (3 kg ha(-1)) on soil respiration, mineral N content, and number of denitrifying and total bacteria in four coarse-textured volcanic soils for 91 days. Topogard application decreased CO2 evolution in acid soils (Tepedibi and Karacakil) whereas soil respiration was initially increased in neutral and alkaline soils (Kasbasi and Baglar). The herbicide application significantly stimulated ammonification in Kasbasi and Baglar soils, while Tepedibi and Karacakil soils showed significantly lower NH4+-N contents than the control. The treatment inhibited the activity of nitrifying microorganisms and, thus it decreased the NO3--N content in Tepedibi, Karacakil, and Kasbasi soils, whereas the NO3--N content was increased in Baglar soil. The NO2--N content of soils was not affected by the treatment. The activity of denitrifying bacteria was stimulated by the addition of herbicide in all soils, whereas the total number of bacteria was not influenced. It may be concluded that the effects of Topogard on the microbiological characteristics of coarse-textured soils are likely to be dependent on soil pH.
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    Evaluation of heavy metals' (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) distribution in sowing regions of potato fields in the Province of Nigde, Turkey
    (KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBL, 2004) Kara, EE; Pirlak, U; Ozdilek, HG
    The Province of Nigde, located in central Anatolia, supplies approximately 25% of the total potato production in Turkey. In order to investigate selected heavy metals' (cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn)) presence in the region, soil samples from a total of 45 different sampling stations at two different locations (Misli and Altinhisar Plains) were evaluated for their total and extractable heavy metal contents along with their physical and selected chemical properties (pH, salt, CaCO3, phosphorus, soil organic matter, and soil texture) since bioaccumulation of the metals in potatoes might be a problem. Total lead and zinc concentrations were found to be almost at the same order of magnitude in both fields, whereas the total nickel concentration is significantly higher and the total cadmium and copper concentrations are lower in the Altinhisar Plain than the concentrations in the Misli Plain. The average total cadmium and copper concentrations in the Misli Plain, which are higher than the mean total cadmium and copper concentrations in the Altinhisar Plain, indicate that most probably heavy metal containing fertilizer and pesticide use over a long period of time in the Misli Plain has caused an increase in cadmium and copper accumulation in the soil.
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    Rates of decomposition of plant residues and available nitrogen in soil, related to residue composition through simulation of carbon and nitrogen turnover
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2004) Hadas, A; Kautsky, L; Goek, M; Kara, EE
    The dynamics of inorganic N in soil following the application of plant residues depends on their composition. We assumed that all plant materials are composed of similar components, each decomposing at a specific rate, but differ in the proportions of the various components. The NCSOIL model that simulates C and N turnover in soil was used to link the rates of residue decomposition to their composition, defined as soluble, cellulose-like and lignin-like C and N, and thereby integrate short and long-term effects of residues on available N dynamics in soil. Five plant residues in a wide range of C:N ratios were incubated in soil for 24 weeks at 30 degreesC, during which C and N mineralization were measured. The materials with large C:N ratios (corn, rice hulls and wheat straw) were also incubated with NH4+-N to avoid N deficiency. The residues were analyzed for total and soluble C and N. The partitioning of insoluble C and N between cellulose-like and lignin-like pools was optimized by best fit of simulated C and N mineralization to measured results. The decomposition rate constants of the soluble and lignin-like pools were assumed to be 1.0 and 10(-5) d(-1), respectively, and that of the cellulose-like pool, obtained by model optimization against mineralization of cellulose with NH4+-N in soil, was 0.051 d(-1). The optimized, kinetically defined lignin-like pool of all residues was considerably larger than lignin contents normally found in plant residues by the Van Soest procedure. Gross N mineralization of tobacco and rape residues was similar, but N recovery from tobacco was larger, because a larger fraction of its C was in the lignin-like pool. N in rice hulls, corn and wheat residues was mostly recalcitrant, yet rice hulls did not cause N deficiency, because most of its C was recalcitrant too. The soluble components of the residues had strong short-term effects on available N in soil, but the cellulose-like pool was equally important for short and medium-term effects. Soluble and cellulose-like C were 29 and 42% of total C, respectively, in corn and 7 and 50% in wheat. Maximal net inorganic N losses, measured in both residue treatments after 2 weeks, were 42 mg g(-1) C applied as corn and 31 mg g(-1) C applied as wheat, or 84 and 110 mg g(-1) decomposed C of corn and wheat, respectively. Rice hulls immobilized N slowly, but by the end of 24 weeks all three residues immobilized 26-27 mg N kg(-1) C applied. The different dynamics of N immobilization demonstrated the need to determine the decomposability of C and N rather than their total contents in plant residues. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All fights reserved.