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    An extensive FPGA-based realization study about the Izhikevich neurons and their bio-inspired applications
    (Springer, 2021) Karaca, Zuhra; Korkmaz, Nimet; Altuncu, Yasemin; Kilic, Recai
    In this study, a comprehensive comparison about the hardware costs of the original and the modified Izhikevich neuron models and their applications have been presented to the literature. The chaotic behavior, the coupled version, the synchronization applications, and the control of the synchronization states of the original and the modified Izhikevich neurons have been handled and all of these structures have been also emulated with the FPGA-based realizations for the first time. The aim of this article is to show the suitability and the practicality of the Izhikevich neuron model to the electronic realization applications. According to this aim, firstly, the chaotic behaviors of the original and the modified Izhikevich neuron models have been observed with the numerical simulations. Then, the dynamical behaviors of two coupled original and two coupled modified Izhikevich neurons have been examined via the numerical analyses. After that, the synchronization status of two coupled original and two coupled modified Izhikevich neurons have been controlled by the Lyapunov method and these processes have been simulated numerically. Finally, all of these structures have been implemented with the FPGA device, separately. Therefore, it has been overcome the shortcomings in terms of the electronic realization applications of the Izhikevich neuron model. Besides, the device utilizations of the original and the modified Izhikevich neurons in the FPGA-based implementations have been compared inclusively.
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    Design of Quad-Band Bandpass Filter Using Nested Dual-Mode Square Loop Resonators
    (IEEE, 2014) Karpuz, Ceyhun; Gorur, Ali Kursad; Ozek, Ahmet; Karaca, Zuhra
    In this letter, design of a quad-band microstrip bandpass filter is presented by using nested placed four dual-mode square loop resonators (DMSLR) having different electrical lengths. Arms of the square loop resonators (SLR) are formed with low/high impedance parts, in order to obtain a maximum miniaturization by nesting DMSLRs and perturbation effects by changing the lengths of low impedance parts for the excitation of degenerate modes. Thus, the proposed configuration allows the control of mode frequencies, bandwidths and transmission zeros for each passband individually. Resonators are coupled to input/output (I/O) ports by feedlines having open-circuited stubs which suppress the harmonics. A dual-mode quad-band bandpass filter has been designed with an electrical length of 0.25 lambda(g) x 0.25 lambda(g) and fabricated, where lambda(g) is the guided wavelength at 1.79 GHz (the lowest resonance frequency). Measured and simulated results are in a good agreement.