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    Detection of bruises on red apples using deep learning models
    (Elsevier, 2024) Unal, Zeynep; Kizildeniz, Tefide; Ozden, Mustafa; Aktas, Hakan; Karagoz, Omer
    The detection and sorting of bruised apples after harvest play a crucial role in improving their economic value by eliminating surface defects. This also reduces the risk of contamination of infected apples during transport and storage. It can be done by using manual detection or machine vision techniques in red, green, and blue (RGB) colors to detect bruises on apples of various skin colors; however, in the early stages of bruising, it is challenging. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is determin of the effectiveness of Deep Learning models combined with the Near Infrared (NIR) imaging system for naturally bruised Super Chief red apples immediately after harvest. In total, 1000 images for the healthy class and 500 images for the bruised class were acquired from 500 apples. After the images were acquired with the RGB and NIR cameras, the data sets were divided into training (70 %), validation (15 %), and testing (15 %) sets. The Alexnet, the Inceptipon-V3, and the VGG16 network structures were trained using the training and validation data sets, and the trained network was evaluated using the test dataset. The VGG16 model achieved the highest test accuracy (86 %) when trained on the RGB data set, while the AlexNet model exhibited the lowest test accuracy (74.6 %). When the models were trained and tested with NIR datasets, 99.33 %, 100 % and 100 % accuracy rates were obtained for AlexNet, Inception V3, and VGG16, respectively. During the experiments, the VGG16 model trained with the NIR dataset achieved the lowest loss rate of 0.0002, whereas when trained and tested with the RGB dataset, the same VGG16 model also recorded the lowest loss rate of 0.353.These findings indicate that the deep learning models, particularly when trained with NIR data, demonstrate high accuracy rates in classifying apples as healthy or bruised, making them suitable for industrial classification applications. Therefore, the NIR data set is recommended for precise and reliable apple classification in industrial settings.