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    Contribution of Genetically Modified Crops in Agricultural Production: Success Stories
    (Elsevier, 2020) Bakhsh, Allah; Sırel, Irem Aycan; Kaya, Rabia Busenaz; Ataman, Ilkay Hilal; Dönmez, Betül Ayça; Yeşil, Binnur; Yel, Ilknur
    One of the great challenges for the scientists of today is to provide adequate nutrition for an increasing global population by developing more socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable agriculture. Despite urbanization, agriculture is still the backbone of the economic of many countries worldwide, not only by providing food and raw material but also employment opportunities to the chunk of population around the globe. The agriculture sector faces many challenges of land management, low farm yield and profitability, etc. The advent of biotechnology in the last decade of 20th century has changed the gear of agriculture production. The genetic barriers in conventional breeding have successfully been addressed by modern-day technologies and researchers are now able to engineer traits of economic importance among distant species. We have already witnessed the contribution of commercialized GM cotton, soybean, maize, eggplant, and canola toward increased farm productivity. The commercialization of Bt cowpea and cotton in African countries and Golden Rice in Philippines will open further avenues of sustainable production. In this book chapter, we have discussed the production and commercialization of GM crops with their impact on agricultural productivity. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Genetic engineering of ion transporters for osmotic stress tolerance
    (Elsevier, 2021) Hossain, Md. Jakir; Tillaboeva, Shakhnozakhan; Sırel, Irem Aycan; Kaya, Rabia Busenaz; Dönmez, Betül Ayça; Aasim, Muhammad; Bakhsh, Allah
    Osmotic stress remains inclusive, injuring living organisms including fungal species, bacteria, and higher plants, and is imposed by various environmental factors including drought, high salinity, and freezing. It can halt physical growth, cellular metabolism, and plants’ survival associated with special economic damages. Modulation of gene expression facilitates the plant’s response to stress leading to cellular homeostasis restoration, toxin detoxification, and growth recovery. These adaptation mediated signal transduction pathways could be disrupted by a combination of forward and reverse genetic approaches with physiological, biochemical, and molecular studies. The formation of plant osmotic adjustment is gained by elevated accumulation of K+, Na+, and Cl- (inorganic osmolytes) either by improved uptake or by controlling ion fluxes across the cellular membranes. For osmotic adjustment, organic osmolytes are likely to play a significant role that comprises the osmoprotectant of principal membrane transport proteins and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Ion transporters are referred to as transmembrane proteins that govern ions’ conduction through a biological membrane against their concentration gradient through the active type of transport. The development of transgenic species with desired membrane transport proteins (e.g., ion transporters) can be a unique choice to develop transgenic plants to combat osmotic stress. This chapter will recapitulate data related to ion transporters and their possible utilization through the genetic engineering approaches to develop osmotic stress-resistant crops against unexpected and abrupt physiological arrests. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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    Transformation of a R2R3-MYB gene in potato against biotic stress
    (Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2021) Kaya, Rabia Busenaz; Bakhsh, Allah
    Patates, besin yetersizliği ve açlığı önlemeye aday bir kültür bitkisidir. Hassas yapısı sebebiyle çok sayıda biyotik ve abiyotik probleme maruz kalır. Biyotik stres faktörleri çeşitli hastalıklara ve şiddetli verim kaybına yol açar. Bakteriyel ve fungus kaynaklı hastalıklarla mücadele zor ve masraflı bir süreçtir. Hastalıklara dayanıklı patates çeşidi üretme ihtiyacı vardır. Transkripsiyon faktörleri, stress koşullarında gen ifade seviyelerini değiştirerek savunma mekanizmasında önemli rol oynar. R2R3 Transkripsiyon Faktörü ailesinden olan MYB108 geni Aşırı Duyarlı Tepki ve fungus stresine karşı dayanıklılıkta rol oynar. Bu çalışma, patojenlere karşı dayanıklılık geliştirmek için MYB108 geninin ifadesinin biotik streslere karşı artılması üzerine tasarlanmıştır. CamV 35S promotörü kontrolündeki MYB108 genine sahip bitki ekspresyon vektörü pCambia1301'i içeren EHA105 Agrobakteri çeşidi Desiree çeşit patatesin boğum, boğum arası ve yapraklarını transform etmek üzere kullanılmıştır. Yapılan analizler MYB108 geni ifadesinin arttığını göstermiştir. Bu sonuçların, MYB108 transkripsiyon faktörü aracılığıyla patateslerin biyotik stresine karşı direnci artırma çabalarına potansiyel olarak katkıda bulunması beklenmektedir. Anahtar sözcükler: Artırılmış gen ifadesi, biyotik stres, genetik transformasyon, kültür bitkileri, MYB108, MYB Transkripsiyon Faktörleri, patates, R2R3-MYB108, verim