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    Aeolian control on the deposition of high altitude lacustrine basins in the Middle East: The case of Lake Neor, NW Iran
    (PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD, 2016) Kazanci, Nizamettin; Gulbabazadeh, Tirzad; Leroy, Suzanne A. G.; Ataselim, Zeynep; Gurbuz, Alper
    Lake Neor is the largest lacustrine basin in the high mountains of the Middle East, at 2500 m altitude in the Alborz belt. This lake of Holocene age is a shallow, fresh water body of glacial origin with ca 4 km(2) surface area and a 40 km(2) drainage area. Its sedimentary sequence comprised of peat and gyttja consists of >10 m infill, which is fairly thick for such a lake. Autochthonous organic matter is limited in and around the lake except for small areas at the northern and southern ends. Inorganic constituents of the infill sediment include a significant amount of fine-grained calcite, dolomite and mica particles that are exotic to the catchment. They do not occur in the source rocks, as the drainage area of the lake is composed of only andesites and trachyandesites of Eocene age. In addition, the uppermost part of the infill includes abundant fine-grained charcoal particles derived from large forest fires perhaps derived as far as the Mediterranean region. As shown by the present meteorological records, the sediment of Lake Neor is under aeolian control during dust storms; this is leading to a considerable amount of deposition air-borne particles. The infill of some lakes, particularly those in highlands, may have contain an important aeolian component and thus they cannot be used directly for the interpretation of the evolution of the palaeogeography without taking into consideration the role of dust storms on deposition. Crown Copyright (C) 2015 Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Geological evolution of a tectonic and climatic transition zone: the Beysehir-Sugla basin, lake district of Turkey
    (Springer, 2021) Gurbuz, Alper; Kazanci, Nizamettin; Hakyemez, H. Yavuz; Leroy, Suzanne A. G.; Roberts, Neil; Sarac, Gercek; Ergun, Zeynep
    Central-west Turkey is a transition zone both tectonically and climatically between the quite different central and western regions of Anatolia. Central Anatolia represents the seismically quiet part of the otherwise highly active Turkey. On the other hand, this region has some of the lowest precipitation and highest evaporation ratios of Turkey. Conversely, west Anatolia is one of the most rapidly extending regions of the world and seismically very active. The climate is very different from the central part of Turkey and more humid. The zone between these two regions is also known geologically as the Isparta Angle. This reverse-V-shaped fold and thrust belt has several lake basins today, which have archived the geological and geomorphological history of this tectonic and climatic transition zone. The Beysehir-Sugla basin is located on the eastern part of this zone. This NW-SE trending basin includes the largest natural freshwater lake of the Mediterranean region: Lake Beysehir. Lakes Beysehir and Sugla are located in this tectonic depression that discharge into an incised river gorge opening to the Konya closed basin. In order to shed light on the development of the Beysehir-Sugla basin, our study was mainly conducted within the Neogene and Quaternary units of the region. Our structural results indicate that the depression was probably formed by a transtensional regime in the middle Miocene, which is controlled by extensional tectonics since the early Quaternary. Also, the current depression has mainly embodied the structures that are the products of these tectonic phases. According to our sedimentary data and palaeoecological interpretation of available palaeontological data, the Beysehir-Sugla basin was developed initially under a humid and warm climate in the middle Miocene; then since the late Miocene-Pliocene it was controlled by a relatively more arid and, at times, humid climate more like the central Anatolian basins. Although the Beysehir-Sugla basin is hydrologically connected to the Konya closed basin in central Anatolia, it was protected from arid climatic conditions for over millions of years as evidenced by the lack of evaporites in the studied basin and surrounding basins located in the interior part of the Isparta Angle. While the regional climate seems to have changed consistently with the geomorphic response to large-scale tectonics (i.e. orographic barrier development), the Beysehir-Sugla basin seems to be protected from hydrological closure by the existence of karstic features in the surrounding carbonate basement rocks.
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    Late Quaternary landscape evolution of the southern Marmara region: paleogeographic implications for settlements, NW Turkey
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2019) Kazanci, Nizamettin; Ergun, Zeynep; Iren, Kaan; Leroy, Suzanne A. G.; Boyraz Arslan, Sonay; Oncel, Salim; Koc, Koray
    This study presents the late Quaternary evolution of the southern Marmara region in northwestern Turkey and discusses the suitability of the area for settlements. It is based on interpretation of sediment analyses together with radiometric dates obtained from drilling cores. As three-fourths of the southern Marmara region (ca. 30,000 km(2)) is covered by the Susurluk Drainage Basin (SDB), the study focuses on this basin. The SDB has a concave surface morphology dipping northward, with highlands in the south (ca. 1300-1700 m a.s.l.) and lowlands in the north (ca. 0-250 a.s.l.). Lake Manyas, Lake Ulubat, and south-north flowing rivers, together with deep gorges and large valleys, are basic elements of the landscape. Quaternary deposits are largely confined to the late Pleistocene and Holocene time interval. Results suggest that, as a whole, the Southern Marmara region has been subjected to intense erosion up to the Late Pleistocene. During the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, depositional dynamics and channel migrations are recorded in river valleys, where sediments evidence occurrences of flooding and backswamps. Landscape analyses show that the SDB was not attractive for human settlements in the Late Holocene, with the exception of the Daskyleion and Appolonia sites, in opposition to other parts of western Anatolia, which have been densely occupied since the Chalcolithic Age. According to our results, the location of Daskyleion on a hill near Lake Manyas was likely chosen for security reasons. Lake water and large permanently wet areas (swamps) may have indeed provided a natural contribution to the defense of this Phrygian town.
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    Mining Heritage and Relevant Geosites as Possible Instruments for Sustainable Development of Miner Towns in Turkey
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2019) Kazanci, Nizamettin; Suludere, Yasar; Ozguneylioglu, Aysen; Mulazimoglu, Necip S.; Saroglu, Fuat; Mengi, Hamdi; Boyraz-Aslan, Sonay
    History of mining in Anatolia goes back to the pre-pottery Neolithic in parallel to history of ancient civilizations in the region. Based on archaeological findings, native copper was the first metal used by humans, and right after, it was mined in central Anatolia. The mining of copper seemed to cause both the birth of metallurgy and powerful civilizations (e.g. Hittites, Assyrians, Lydians, Phrygians). Long-time mining of copper, lead, tin, gold and silver formed and left rich and valuable scientific and cultural heritages in Anatolia. They have been used efficiently in archaeological studies; however, miners' towns need sustainable development now and the mining heritage could be a potential on it. In this study, potential of the mining geoheritages and some relevant geosites have been presented.
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    Strike-slip faulting, topographic growth and block movements as deduced from drainage anomalies: The Yesilirmak River basin, northern Turkey
    (ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, 2015) Gurbuz, Esra; Kazanci, Nizamettin; Gurbuz, Alper
    This study aims to understand the various effects of known tectonism on a fluvial network and to interpret the tectonic deformations using described, and analysed systematic anomalies in the drainage basin of the Yesilirmak River in northern Turkey at countermarch. This region, which is divided into several faulted wedges by right-lateral strike-slip faulting of the North Anatolian fault zone and its individual splays, has experienced several moderate to large earthquakes with high amounts of surface ruptures during the historical and instrumental periods. The Yesilirmak River basin includes several geomorphic imprints of such widespread and frequent strike-slip deformations. Offsets (between 750 m and 19 km), aligned drainages, and linear valleys (170 km) are expected geomorphic and tectonic responses to strike-slip faulting in the fluvial system. We used such indicators to determine the long term effects of strike-slip faulting in the Yesilirmak River drainage network. The measured stream offsets represent decreasing values toward southern splay faults consistent with published geodetic data for the region. However, some other large-scale geomorphic anomalies extracted from the drainage network are not explainable by only strike-slip tectonics. Compressional structures, i.e., anticlines, synclines, in the region are responsible for such large-scale drainage diversions (20-24 km) along the river courses. Although these diversions, the North Anatolian fault zone is the main driving force shaping present geomorphology on a regional scale. The Sungurlu-Ezinepazari fault also plays a critical role in landscape evolution. Their activities and associated block movements have resulted with tilting processes. On the other hand, the entire fluvial network should be modified by the sea level changes of the Black Sea, particularly in the late Quaternary. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.