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Öğe A Bifactor-ESEM Representation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support(Sage Publications Inc, 2023) Kogar, Esin Yilmaz; Kogar, HakanThe aim of this study is to examine the factor structure of Turkish version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and to analyze its psychometric properties through the bifactor-ESEM framework. Using a convenience sample of 1124 Turkish adults, seven different models were tested. The results supported the superiority of a bifactor-ESEM solution that included three specific factors (family, friends, and significant others) and a general factor. In addition, bifactor indices showed that the general factor of MSPSS is not strong enough and its multidimensional structure is supported. For the bifactor-ESEM model, strict measurement invariance was achieved according to the gender variable. Our results supported convergent validity for the general and specific factors of the MSPSS, which were found to be associated with measures of distress, loneliness, and resilience. As a result, MSPSS is a valid and reliable measurement tool with its bifactor-ESEM model.Öğe A Meta-Analysis Study on Gender Differences in Psychological Resilience Levels(Cyprus Mental Health Inst, 2021) Gok, Ayse; Kogar, Esin YilmazThe general purpose of the study is to provide a quantitative summary of the findings of studies that address the psychological resilience levels of individuals in terms of gender differences. This study includes a review of the relevant literature, the stages of meta-analysis research, analysis findings got from the included studies, discussions on the results of the findings, and finally recommendations for future psychological resilience research. Because of the literature review, 30 thesis and article-type researches were selected for meta-analysis under the inclusion criteria of the study. The effect size was calculated for each study using the non-standardized mean difference method. It was concluded that there was no publication bias in the studies selected according to the funnel plot and Egger test findings. As a result of the analysis made according to the random effects model, it was determined that the effect size for gender has a significant effect on the psychological resilience level of the individuals, and the results are in favor of men. Because of the heterogeneity test, a moderate level of heterogeneity was found between studies. Reasons for this heterogeneity were the type of publication, the study group, the way the data were collected, and the total number of participants. It was found that only the study group variable among these variables can lead to heterogeneity.Öğe A systematic review and meta-analytic confirmatory factor analysis of the perceived stress scale (PSS-10 and PSS-14)(Wiley, 2024) Kogar, Esin Yilmaz; Kogar, HakanStress is defined as a person's interaction with their environment that is thought to threaten or affect an individual's potential, resources, and well-being. The most popular instrument to assess perceived stress is the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Therefore, making a systematic review of studies testing the internal structure of PSS and conducting a Meta-Analytic Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MACFA) on the database created with the information obtained from these studies are the aims of this research. A total of 76 samples from 57 unique studies were included in this database using various inclusion criteria (total N for PSS-14 = 28,632, for PSS-10 = 46,053). The correlated two-factor model for PSS was confirmed by MACFA performed on the pooled correlation matrix generated by the random effects meta-analysis. Findings of dimensionality analyses, factor loadings, omega values, and measurement invariance showed that the model that best explained the factor structure of PSS was the correlated two-factor model. The strict measurement invariance of the PSS was achieved across age and clinical status, and the internal consistency was high according to the omega values. Several recommendations moving forward are discussed.Öğe A Validation Study of the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF) with Ant Colony Optimization in a Turkish Sample(Assoc Serbian Psychologists, 2023) Kogar, Esin Yilmaz; Kogar, HakanThe general purpose of this study is to validate the Turkish version of the short form of Self -Compassion Scale (SCS) by Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). For this purpose, data were collected from two different samples. Sample-1 (n = 398) and Sample-2 (n = 233) consist of young and middle-aged adults. Short forms were created by selecting the most suitable items for unidimensional, two-factor correlated, six-factor correlated, six-factor higher-order, bifactor-CFA and bifactor-ESEM factor structures using ACO over Sample-1, and the best short form was determined using model-data fit indices. After the determination of the bifactor-ESEM with Sample-1 as the best factor structure, the model data fits and reliability indices of the relevant factor structure were cross -validated on Sample-2. Strict measurement invariance was established between age groups. The results indicate that the SCS-SF developed in this study is a valid and reliable measurement tool with a bifactor-ESEM structure with 12 items, 6 specific factors, and a general factor.Öğe A validation study of the self-compassion scale-short form (SCS-SF) with ant colony optimization in a Turkish sample (vol 5, pg 89, 2022)(Assoc Serbian Psychologists, 2023) Kogar, Esin Yilmaz; Kogar, Hakan[Abstract Not Available]Öğe An Investigation of Item Position Effects by Means of IRT-Based Differential Item Functioning Methods(Izzet Kara, 2021) Soysal, Sumeyra; Kogar, Esin YilmazIn this study, whether item position effects lead to DIF in the condition where different test booklets are used was investigated. To do this the methods of Lord's chi-square and Raju's unsigned area with the 3PL model under with and without item purification were used. When the performance of the methods was compared, it was revealed that generally, the method of Lord's chi-square identified more items with DIF than did the method of Raju's unsigned area. The differentiation of the booklets with respect to item position resulted in a higher number of items displaying DIF with item purification conditions. Based on the findings of the present study, to avoid the occurrence of DIF due to item position effects, it is recommended to position the same items across different booklets in similar locations when forming different booklets.Öğe Examination of response time effort in TIMSS 2019: Comparison of Singapore and Türkiye(Izzet Kara, 2023) Kogar, Esin Yilmaz; Soysal, SumeyraIn this paper, it is aimed to evaluate different aspects of students' response time to items in the mathematics test and their test effort as an indicator of test motivation with the help of some variables at the item and student levels. The data consists of 4th -grade Singapore and Turkish students participating in the TIMSS 2019. Response time was examined in terms of item difficulties, content and cognitive domains of the items in the mathematics test self -efficacy for computer use, home resources for learning, confident in mathematics, like learning mathematics, and gender variables at the student level. In the study, it was determined that all variables considered at the item level affected the response time of the students in both countries. It was concluded that the amount of variance explained by the student -level variables in the response time varied for each the country. Another finding of the study showed that the cognitive level of the items positively related to the mean response time. Both Turkish and Singaporean students took longer to respond to data domain items compared to number and measurement and geometry domain items. Additionally, based on the criterion that the response time effort index was less than .8, rapid -guessing behavior, and therefore low motivation, was observed below 1% for both samples. Besides, we observed that Turkish and Singaporean students were likely to have rapid guessing behavior when an item in the reasoning domain became increasingly difficult. A similar result was identified in the data content domain, especially for Turkish graders.Öğe FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE DE JONG GIERVELD LONELINESS SCALE: AN ESEM APPROACH(Fundacion Veca Para Avance Psicologia, 2023) Kogar, Hakan; Kogar, Esin YilmazThis research aims to examine the reliability, convergent validity, and measurement invariance of the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS). The study focused especially on the examination of the model-data fit of various competitive factor structures in a young adult sample. The results demonstrate that the bifactor-ESEM model shows a high model-data fit according to CFI and RMSEA. In this case, it has been determined that the cross-loadings defined by the bifactor-ESEM model have an increasing effect on the model-data fit. Also with the bifactor-ESEM model, DJGLS has one highly reliable general factor and two irrelevant subfactors. Metric measurement invariance according to gender was provided. DJGLS scores were correlated moderately and highly, and were statistically significant with external variables. Finally, it can be said that DJGLS is a measurement tool with construct and convergent validity and reliability in the young adult sample. In addition, DJGLS is essentially a uni-dimensional scale and shows the best model-data fit in the bifactor-ESEM model.Öğe Item parameter recovery via traditional 2PL, Testlet and Bi-factor models for Testlet-Based tests(Ijate-Int Journal Assessment Tools Education, 2022) Soysal, Sumeyra; Kogar, Esin YilmazThe testlet comprises a set of items based on a common stimulus. When the testlet is used in the tests, there may violate the local independence assumption, and in this case, it would not be appropriate to use traditional item response theory models in the tests in which the testlet is included. When the testlet is discussed, one of the most frequently used models is the testlet response theory (TRT) model. In addition, the bi-factor model and traditional 2PL models are also used for testlet-based tests. This study aims to examine the item parameters estimated by these three calibration models of the data properties produced under different conditions and to compare the performances of the models. For this purpose, data were generated under three conditions: sample size (500, 1000, and 2000), testlet variance (.25, .50, and 1), and testlet size (4 and 10). For each simulation condition, the number of items in the test was fixed at i = 40 and 100 replications were made under each condition. Among these models, it was concluded that the TRT model gave less biased results than the other two models, but the results of the bi-factor model and the TRT were more similar as the sample size increased. Among the examined conditions, it was determined that the most effective variable in parameter recovery was the sample size.
