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    A Bifactor-ESEM Representation of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support
    (Sage Publications Inc, 2023) Kogar, Esin Yilmaz; Kogar, Hakan
    The aim of this study is to examine the factor structure of Turkish version of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) and to analyze its psychometric properties through the bifactor-ESEM framework. Using a convenience sample of 1124 Turkish adults, seven different models were tested. The results supported the superiority of a bifactor-ESEM solution that included three specific factors (family, friends, and significant others) and a general factor. In addition, bifactor indices showed that the general factor of MSPSS is not strong enough and its multidimensional structure is supported. For the bifactor-ESEM model, strict measurement invariance was achieved according to the gender variable. Our results supported convergent validity for the general and specific factors of the MSPSS, which were found to be associated with measures of distress, loneliness, and resilience. As a result, MSPSS is a valid and reliable measurement tool with its bifactor-ESEM model.
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    A systematic review and meta-analytic confirmatory factor analysis of the perceived stress scale (PSS-10 and PSS-14)
    (Wiley, 2024) Kogar, Esin Yilmaz; Kogar, Hakan
    Stress is defined as a person's interaction with their environment that is thought to threaten or affect an individual's potential, resources, and well-being. The most popular instrument to assess perceived stress is the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). Therefore, making a systematic review of studies testing the internal structure of PSS and conducting a Meta-Analytic Confirmatory Factor Analysis (MACFA) on the database created with the information obtained from these studies are the aims of this research. A total of 76 samples from 57 unique studies were included in this database using various inclusion criteria (total N for PSS-14 = 28,632, for PSS-10 = 46,053). The correlated two-factor model for PSS was confirmed by MACFA performed on the pooled correlation matrix generated by the random effects meta-analysis. Findings of dimensionality analyses, factor loadings, omega values, and measurement invariance showed that the model that best explained the factor structure of PSS was the correlated two-factor model. The strict measurement invariance of the PSS was achieved across age and clinical status, and the internal consistency was high according to the omega values. Several recommendations moving forward are discussed.
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    A Validation Study of the Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form (SCS-SF) with Ant Colony Optimization in a Turkish Sample
    (Assoc Serbian Psychologists, 2023) Kogar, Esin Yilmaz; Kogar, Hakan
    The general purpose of this study is to validate the Turkish version of the short form of Self -Compassion Scale (SCS) by Ant Colony Optimization (ACO). For this purpose, data were collected from two different samples. Sample-1 (n = 398) and Sample-2 (n = 233) consist of young and middle-aged adults. Short forms were created by selecting the most suitable items for unidimensional, two-factor correlated, six-factor correlated, six-factor higher-order, bifactor-CFA and bifactor-ESEM factor structures using ACO over Sample-1, and the best short form was determined using model-data fit indices. After the determination of the bifactor-ESEM with Sample-1 as the best factor structure, the model data fits and reliability indices of the relevant factor structure were cross -validated on Sample-2. Strict measurement invariance was established between age groups. The results indicate that the SCS-SF developed in this study is a valid and reliable measurement tool with a bifactor-ESEM structure with 12 items, 6 specific factors, and a general factor.
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    A validation study of the self-compassion scale-short form (SCS-SF) with ant colony optimization in a Turkish sample (vol 5, pg 89, 2022)
    (Assoc Serbian Psychologists, 2023) Kogar, Esin Yilmaz; Kogar, Hakan
    [Abstract Not Available]
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    FACTOR STRUCTURE OF THE DE JONG GIERVELD LONELINESS SCALE: AN ESEM APPROACH
    (Fundacion Veca Para Avance Psicologia, 2023) Kogar, Hakan; Kogar, Esin Yilmaz
    This research aims to examine the reliability, convergent validity, and measurement invariance of the de Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS). The study focused especially on the examination of the model-data fit of various competitive factor structures in a young adult sample. The results demonstrate that the bifactor-ESEM model shows a high model-data fit according to CFI and RMSEA. In this case, it has been determined that the cross-loadings defined by the bifactor-ESEM model have an increasing effect on the model-data fit. Also with the bifactor-ESEM model, DJGLS has one highly reliable general factor and two irrelevant subfactors. Metric measurement invariance according to gender was provided. DJGLS scores were correlated moderately and highly, and were statistically significant with external variables. Finally, it can be said that DJGLS is a measurement tool with construct and convergent validity and reliability in the young adult sample. In addition, DJGLS is essentially a uni-dimensional scale and shows the best model-data fit in the bifactor-ESEM model.
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    Using a bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling framework to examine the factor structure of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales-21
    (Springer, 2023) Yilmaz Kogar, Esin; Kogar, Hakan
    This study proposed an improved representation of the DASS-21 factor structure developed by Lovibond and Lovibond in Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 335-342 (1995) using bifactor exploratory structural equation modeling (bifactor ESEM). This research was conducted by reference to 521 Turkish adults (45.3% females; M-age = 27.86, SD = 8.23). The bifactor ESEM findings indicated a strong general factor of negative affect underlying responses to all DASS-21 items but also that despite the presence of three specific factors (depression, anxiety, and stress), the depression subscale explained a high degree of variance and could be considered to constitute a specific factor. The results obtained from this study show that there is a common factor associated with DASS-21 scales, the total score of DASS-21 can be identified as a measure of general negative affect, and the bifactor ESEM structure of DASS-21 ensures measurement invariance across genders.