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    Hybrid Materials Based on Fly Ash, Metakaolin, and Cement for 3D Printing
    (Mdpi, 2021) Marczyk, Joanna; Ziejewska, Celina; Gadek, Szymon; Korniejenko, Kinga; Lach, Michal; Gora, Mateusz; Kurek, Izabela
    Nowadays, one very dynamic development of 3D printing technology is required in the construction industry. However, the full implementation of this technology requires the optimization of the entire process, starting from the design of printing ideas, and ending with the development and implementation of new materials. The article presents, for the first time, the development of hybrid materials based on a geopolymer or ordinary Portland cement matrix that can be used for various 3D concrete-printing methods. Raw materials used in the research were defined by particle size distribution, specific surface area, morphology by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, radioactivity tests, X-ray fluorescence, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and leaching. The geopolymers, concrete, and hybrid samples were described according to compressive strength, flexural strength, and abrasion resistance. The study also evaluates the influence of the liquid-to-solid ratio on the properties of geopolymers, based on fly ash (FA) and metakaolin (MK). Printing tests of the analyzed mixtures were also carried out and their suitability for various applications related to 3D printing technology was assessed. Geopolymers and hybrids based on a geopolymer matrix with the addition of 5% cement resulted in the final materials behaving similarly to a non-Newtonian fluid. Without additional treatments, this type of material can be successfully used to fill the molds. The hybrid materials based on cement with a 5% addition of geopolymer, based on both FA and MK, enabled precise detail printing.
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    The overview of mechanical properties of short natural fiber reinforced geopolymer composites
    (Yildiz Technical University, 2020) Korniejenko, Kinga; ?ach, Micha?; Dogan-Saglamtimur, Neslihan; Furtos, Gabriel; Miku?a, Janusz
    In the EU there is a pressing need for the change of the current economy into a so-called circular economy in recent years. The rational management of natural resources and the use of waste materials are becoming more and more important. It is also supported by the growing ecological awareness of society, including the consciousness of sustainable development. Nowadays, it is the construction industry that has the most significant impact on pollution. Therefore, numerous attempts are made to reduce energy consumption and the amount of waste generated by it. These are the main issues stimulating the research on new innovative materials such as geopolymer composites. They have a significantly lower carbon footprint than traditional construction materials. Moreover, the synthesis of geopolymers requires 2-3 times less energy than traditional Portland cement, not to mention the fact that 4-8 times less CO2 is generated. In addition, the above process has another environmental benefit i.e. the possibility of using anthropogenic raw materials (minerals) such as slags and fly ashes for the production. One of the limitations for the wide use of such materials is their relatively low brittle fracture behaviour. Nowadays, one of the most important research areas is the improvement of their mechanical properties. To improve the mechanical properties it is possible to reinforce the matrix by fibres addition, especially natural fibres that are renewable resources. The main objective of the article is to analyse the mechanical properties of new composites and assessment the possibility to replace traditional building materials within eco-friendly alternatives. © 2020 Yildiz Technical University. All rights reserved.