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    Diatomite as a novel composite ingredient for chitosan film with enhanced physicochemical properties
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2017) Akyuz, Lalehan; Kaya, Murat; Koc, Behlul; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Ilk, Sedef; Labidi, Jalel; Salaberria, Asier M.
    Practical applications of biopolymers in different industries are gaining considerable increase day by day. But still, these biopolymers lack important properties in order to meet the industrial demands. In the same regard, in the current study, chitosan composite films are produced by incorporating diatomite soil at two different concentrations. In order to obtain a homogeneous film, glutaraldehyde was supplemented to chitosan solution as a cross-linker. Compositing diatomaceous earth to chitosan film resulted in improvement of various important physicochemical properties compared to control such as; enhanced film wettability, increase elongation at break and improved thermal stability (264-277 degrees C). The microstructure of the film was observed to haveconsisted of homogeneously distributed blister-shaped structures arised due to the incorporation of diatomite. The incorporation of diatomite did not influence the overall antioxidant activity of the composite films, which can be ascribe to the difficulty radicals formation. Chitosan film incorporated with increasing fraction of diatomite revealed a notable enhancement in the antimicrobial activity. Additionally with the present study, for the first time possible interactions between chitosan/diatomite were determined via quantum chemical calculations. Current study will be helpful in giving a new biotechnological perspective to diatom in terms of its successful application in hydrophobic composite film production. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Effect of different animal fat and plant oil additives on physicochemical, mechanical, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of chitosan films
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Akyuz, Lalehan; Kaya, Murat; Ilk, Sedef; Cakmak, Yavuz Selim; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel; Yilmaz, Bahar Akyuz
    Practical application of chitosan-essential oil blend films is limited due to the uneconomical extraction procedure of essential oils from plants. This study aimed to produce chitosan films blended with low cost and commercially available oils and fats consumed in daily human diet (olive, corn and sunflower oils, butter and animal fats). The study also focused on how physicochemical, biological and mechanical properties of chitosan blend films were influenced by the incorporation of oils and fats with varying unsaturation degrees. Possible interactions of chitosan film matrix with incorporated oils or fats were investigated. Chitosan-olive oil film showed better surface morphology and higher thermal stability than the films with other unsaturated oils. Tensile strength, Young's modulus and elongation at break were improved by 57.2%, 25.1% and 31.7% for chitosan-olive oil film, respectively. Chitosan-olive oil blend film had the highest antibacterial activity (almost equal to that of commercial antibiotic gentamicin). Edible films obtained from by incorporation of natural oils and fats into chitosan can help produce an environmentally friendly packaging material that is low cost and easily manufactured. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
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    Potential use of kraft and organosolv lignins as a natural additive for healthcare products
    (Royal Soc Chemistry, 2018) Gordobil, Oihana; Herrera, Rene; Yahyaoui, Marwa; Ilk, Sedef; Kaya, Murat; Labidi, Jalel
    The growing interest in substituting synthetic products coming from non-renewable sources with products from biomass has focused attention on the lignin biopolymer. Its high availability, low price and properties make the development of new and valuable uses for lignin interesting, thus improving the economic and environmental aspects of the biomass conversion. To achieve this objective, the potential use of industrial kraft and organosolv lignins as antioxidants, antimicrobials and sunscreen products has been evaluated. The results of a detailed antibacterial and antifungal study demonstrated the high potential of kraft lignins against a variety of foodborne and human pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, both organosolv and kraft lignins presented an effective protection factor (SPF values from 10-20), demonstrating their effectiveness as natural additives for the sun lotion market. In addition, lignin samples presented high antioxidant capacity compared to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), one common commercial antioxidant industrially used. Therefore, the development of innovative applications of lignins as a commodity for the chemical, pharmaceutical or cosmetic industries could expand their possible uses in the market giving new added values to lignin.
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    Production and characterization of chitosan based edible films from Berberis crataegina's fruit extract and seed oil
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2018) Kaya, Murat; Ravikumar, Preethi; Ilk, Sedef; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Akyuz, Lalehan; Labidi, Jalel; Salaberria, Asier M.
    Chitosan-based edible films were prepared by supplementing Berberis crataegina DC.'s seed oil and fruit extract into chitosan matrix. The produced films have characterized both physiochemically (SEM, DSC, FT-IR, UV-vis, contact angle and mechanical analysis) and biologically (anti-quorum sensing, antimicrobial and antioxidant). Chitosan-fruit extract film revealed higher thermal stability, antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-quorum sensing activity compared to other films. Addition of B. crataegina's seed oil and fruit extract into the chitosan film notably decreased the UV-vis transmittance but ameliorate the tensile strength values. Hydrophobicity of the chitosan-seed oil film was observed to be higher (92.64 +/- 4.17) than chitosan-control film (84.67 +/- 1.50) while chitosan-fruit extract film exhibited slightly lower hydrophobicity (73.82 +/- 7.42) than chitosan film. The overall high thermal stability, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of chitosan-fruit extract film revealed that B. crataegina's fruit extract can be used as an effective ingredient for the production of the edible film with enhanced physicochemical and biological properties.
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    Production and characterization of chitosan-fungal extract films
    (Elsevier, 2020) Koc, Behlul; Akyuz, Lalehan; Cakmak, Yavuz Selim; Sargin, Idris; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel; Ilk, Sedef
    A fungal extract obtained from an edible species (Tricholoma terreum) was used to produce chitosan-based films. Fungal extracts were analyzed using HPLC and chitosan-based films were characterized with FT-IR, SEM, DSC and TGA analysis. High phenolic content was found in the fungal extracts using HPLC. FT-IR results showed that fungal extracts were successfully added into the chitosan films. The addition of fungal extract increased elasticity, hydrophobicity and antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the chitosan films. Additionally, antiquorum sensing and antimicrobial activities of chitosan-fungal extract films were found to be much higher than gentamicin (a commonly used antibiotic). However, incorporation of extracts into chitosan films decreased transparency and thermal stability. All these results suggested that chitosan-fungal extract films might be beneficially used to improve food packaging technology.
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    Supplementing capsaicin with chitosan-based films enhanced the anti-quorum sensing, antimicrobial, antioxidant, transparency, elasticity and hydrophobicity
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2018) Akyuz, Lalehan; Kaya, Murat; Mujtaba, Muhammad; Ilk, Sedef; Sargin, Idris; Salaberria, Asier M.; Labidi, Jalel
    In the current study, capsaicin, a plant alkaloid with high antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, antiobesity, anticancer and analgesic properties, was used in the film technology for the first time. In the same regard, chitosan (as a versatile animal-based polymer) was blended with capsaicin at three different concentrations to obtain edible films. The produced films were characterized by FT-IR, SEM, and DSC. Mechanical, transmittance, hydrophobicity, anti-quorum sensing, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties were also examined. Incorporation of 0.6 mg of capsaicin into the chitosan matrix (200 mg dissolved in 1% acetic acid solution) was observed as an optimal concentration for boosting up three film properties including mechanical, optical and surface morphology. A continuous improvement was recorded in anti-quorum sensing and antimicrobial activities, antioxidative and hydrophobicity with increasing concentration of capsaicin in the film. In further studies, chitosan-capsaicin blend films can be used as a food packaging material as well dermal and wound healing patches. (C) 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.