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Öğe Hydrochemical and isotopic studies to understand quality problems in groundwater of the Niğde Province, Central Turkey(Springer Verlag, 2019) Lermi A.; Ertan G.This study seeks to decipher the hydrochemistry, recharge sources, and the possible factors controlling the chemistry of groundwater in Niğde Province of central Turkey. This was done by conducting hydrochemical, multivariate statistical, and stable isotope analysis on 37 well and spring water samples collected in the wet and dry seasons of 2016. The major ion abundance in the groundwater is in the order Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3- > SO42- > Cl-. This accounted for the dominance of Ca–SO4–HCO3 water type with other mixed water types, reflecting the geology of the area, which is predominated by carbonate lithologies. All the physico-chemical parameters generally comply with the WHO and Turkish national guideline values for drinking water except TDS, Ca2+, SO42-, NO3-, and As. The elevated amounts of TDS, SO42-, and NO3- were largely from anthropogenic sources. The studied well and spring water samples are suitable for irrigation purposes in terms of their sodium hazard, but with regard to salinity hazard, the well water samples are not suitable for irrigation purposes due to their high salinity values. Three factors that explain 85.2% of the total variance of the data point to water–rock interaction and mixing with thermal waters as the principal factors controlling the chemistry of the groundwater. Metal pollution load was significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season with arsenic as the key contaminant (0.69–391.14 µg/L and 0.29–43.6 µg/L in the wet and dry seasons, respectively). The tritium concentrations reveal that the well waters have longer residence time and water–rock interaction than the spring waters and are thus recharged from older groundwater sources. © 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.Öğe Mineralogical and chemical changes in parent rocks and in soil ecosystems (Mazmili DagI, Adana, Turkey)(2007) Gurel A.; Kerey E.; Lermi A.In this study, the region of Aladaglar-Mazmi{dotless}li{dotless} (Adana) has been selected as research area and covering on area of 95 square kilometers. A number of anatical methods including Attarberg, XRD, XRF and ICP have been employed to characterize representative samples collected from the soils developed partially weathered country rocks with respect to their chemical and mineralogical contents. Soil horizons did not well developed on the limesstone and ultramafic parent roks that include mainly harzburgite-dunite, ophyolite melange due to rapid weatering and steep topography. However, soil zones well-developed, forming terra-rosa over ohiolite melange and its debris. Clay species belonging to smectite, kaolinite, and mixed-layer groupes have been formed during pedogenesis. Clay contents and abundances vary depending on the morphology. Although the limestone and harzburgite - dunite dont contain quartz, the soils developed on them comprised significant amounts of quartz. Mazmi{dotless}li{dotless} area soils did not develop homogeneausly, they are rather inhomogeneous. MgO and CaO contents show depletion upward, whereas, the other major element oxides including, as Al2O3, Fe2O3, SiO2 and MnO increase. These soils are slightly basic and enriched in K2O, and Na2O. Heavy immobile elements such as Zr and Ti show strongly parent rock-controled distributions. A total of three soil profile has been investigated in this research. Chemical analysis indicated that the major and trace element chemistry of all three show good agreement with the world soil standards. Only difference noticed was anomalous chromium and nickel values due to the host rock chemistry.Öğe Mineralogy and geochemistry of the Kiziltepe (Çamardi-Niğde) Mn prospect in central Anatolia, Turkey(International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference, 2016) Lermi A.; Sönmez M.; Aydin F.This paper is to investigate ore-alteration mineralogy and geochemical changes of wall rocks in Kızıltepe Mn mineralization (Çamardı, SE-Niğde), which is located in Ulukışla Basin from the central part of the Turkey. Kızıltepe prospect, a fault controlled hydrothermal-type Mn mineralization, is hosted predominantly by Late Cretaceous to Early Tertiary volcanic and volcanoclastic rock series, which are submarine in character with trachytic to rhyolitic composition. After all samples were systematically collected from surface outcrops and the mineralized zones, they were investigated by petrographical and geochemical analysis. The results obtained from the microscopic and XRD analysis showed that the mineralization contained oxi-hydroxide Mn minerals such as manganite, pyrolusite, psilomelane, and manganese phosphate. Quartz, carbonates, sericite, clay minerals and barite are the gangue minerals. Quartz is ubiquitous and occurs both in the ore zone and in the wall rocks. Alteration mineralogy usually was formed fault-related to alteration zones. Alterations were characterized by presence of quartz and sericite, and locally extensively overprinted by kaolinite. Mass change calculations revealed that Al, Ti, and Y behaved as the least mobile elements during alteration and that footwall felsic rocks gained Fe, Si, K, Ca and ore forming constituents, respectively. The most characteristic chemical changes near the ore bodies were the Na depletion, mainly due to plagioclase destruction by the hydrothermal fluids. The REE contents varied considerably depending on mass change effects related to alteration. An average grade of Mn in the fault zone has been reached about 22.47 %. © SGEM2016.Öğe Pollution evaluation of heavy metals in sediments from the Çakit Stream, Ulukişla (Niğde), Turkey(International Multidisciplinary Scientific Geoconference, 2016) Lermi A.The aim of this study is to investigate the sediments in Çakıt Stream and headwaters, which originate Bolkar Mountains and flow through Central Tauride belt to Mediterranean Sea. Samples were characterized by multivariate statistical analysis to determine the enrichment characteristics of heavy metals as well as their potential risks of pollution. Results showed that the average concentrations of some heavy metals comply with the concentration ranges recommended by the National Standard of Turkey, while the maximum concentrations of Pb, Zn, Ag, Sb and As exceeded these standards. Results from multivariate statistical analysis indicated that Cu, Ni, Cr, and Co originated from natural geological background, while Pb, Zn, Ag, As and Cd in the sediments created from anthropogenic in origin. On the other hand, enrichment factor analysis and the geo-accumulation index evaluation showed that Pb, Zn, As and Pb were existing in the sediments of the river at low or restricted serious pollution, while Cr, Ni, Cu and Co occurred at low pollution levels. © SGEM2016.Öğe Spatial distribution and trace element geochemistry of laterites in Kunche area: Implication for gold exploration targets in NW, Ghana(Elsevier Ltd, 2019) Sunkari E.D.; Appiah-Twum M.; Lermi A.Kunche area is located in NW Ghana within the Wa-Lawra greenstone Birimian belt and is composed mainly of volcaniclastics, metasediments and some intrusive granitoids. The area is covered with laterites making it difficult to identify exploration targets. In this study, we describe a new methodology based on statistical tools and trace element geochemistry to map the pathfinder elements of gold deposits in lateritic context. However, the results of this study are specific to a particular context and cannot be extrapolated without supplementary studies to all the lateritic areas. In this respect, a total of 67 lateritic samples were collected from residually weathered materials and their spatial distribution was determined by means of the GIS-based kriging interpolation method. The samples collected vary from detrital to residual laterites/duricrusts and are hosted in volcaniclastic rocks. ICP-MS and XRF techniques were used to determine the element concentrations of the samples. The trace element geochemical data were analyzed using bivariate and multivariate geostatistical analysis to establish relationships among elements. Fe-oxides such as goethite and hematite and clay minerals like kaolinite are the main secondary minerals of the concretionary reddish lateritic samples. All the analyzed elements showed asymmetrical distribution rather than normal distribution. Spearman correlation shows that Cu, Pb, S, As, and Ag have moderate to strong positive correlation with Au. From the multivariate geostatistical analysis, three element associations; a) Fe, Pb, S, Co, Cr; b) Ni, Y, Rb, Sr, Zn, and c) Ca, Cu, Mn, Ti, Zr, As, Au, Ag were observed. Threshold values of selected elements were determined using the median absolute deviation (MAD) method, which indicates possible anomalous concentrations in the laterites for Pb (?48 ppm), Cu (?46 ppm), As (?134.2 ppm), and Ag (?0.42 ppm). Multi-element mapping indicates that Pb + Cu + As + Ag is the most ideal association in the exploration of gold deposits. It reveals ellipsoidal anomalies comparable to the Au distribution map that suggest dispersion and accumulation of the pathfinder elements in the area. The geochemical anomalies are mainly restricted to the environment of the residual laterites in the Kunche area and we recommend that exploration programs should be focused in such areas. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd
