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Öğe Arpa Nikotinamin Sentaz1 (HvNAS1) Genini Yüksek Seviyede İfade Eden Arabidopsis thaliana Bitkileri Demir Eksikliğine Dayanıklılık Gösterir(2020) Aksoy, Emre; Maqbool, Amir; Abudureyimu, BuasimuhanDemir (Fe) bitki gelişimi için önemli bir eser element olup, Fe eksikliğinde yetişen bitkilerde gelişen kloroza bağlı olarak verim kayıpları yaşanır. Bu kayıpların en aza indirilebilmesi için alınabilecek agronomik önlemlere ilaveten genetik mühendisliği aracılığıyla bitkilerin özellikleri etkin bir şekilde geliştirilebilir. Rizosferde yüksek miktarda bulunan demiri köklerine alabilmek için Arabidopsis thalianagibi dikotlar indirgenme temelli bir stratejiyi kullanırlarken, arpanın (Hordeum vulgare) da yer aldığı graminelerde şelasyon stratejisi evrimleşmiştir. Bu çalışmada, arpada bulunan ve demir ile kompleks oluşturabildiği bilinen nikotinaminin üretiminden sorumlu NİKOTİNAMİN SENTAZ1(HvNAS1) geni klonlanarak, Arabidopsis bitkilerinde konstitütif olarak yüksek seviyede ifade edilmiştir. Elde edilen T3Arabidopsis bitkilerinde HvNAS1ile birlikte demir alımından sorumlu yolakta yer alan Arabidopsis genlerinin de ifade seviyelerinin arttığı belirlenmiştir. Buna bağlı olarak, bitkilerin kök uzunluklarının, kök ve gövde yaş ağırlıklarının, ferrik şelat redüktaz enzim aktivitelerinin de arttığı belirlenmiştir.Ayrıca, transgenik Arabidopsis bitkilerinin kök ve gövdelerinde biriken demir ve çinko seviyelerinde önemli artışlar belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, arpa HvNAS1genini yüksek seviyede ifade eden trangenik Arabidopsis bitkilerinin rizosferden daha fazla demir alabildiği ve bu demiri daha fazla gövdeye taşıyabildiği gösterilmiştir. Bu sayede genetik mühendisliği kullanılarak HvNAS1genini yüksek seviyede ifadeeden ve demir eksikliğine dayanıklı Arabidopsis bitkileri geliştirilmiştir.Öğe Biofortification Under Climate Change: The Fight Between Quality and Quantity(Springer International Publishing, 2020) Maqbool, Amir; Abrar, Muhammad; Bakhsh, Allah; Çalişkan, Sevgi; Khan, Haroon Zaman; Aslam, Muhammad; Aksoy, EmreClimate change has been a serious problem in our industrialized world for the last century. We have faced its devastating effects on the environment, agriculture and human population. In current scenarios, around 3.8 billion people are predicted to live in areas with severe water problems by 2025. As the majority of staple crops are sensitive to environmental fluctuations, only an increase in global temperatures by 2 °C can disrupt agricultural practices and crop production periods severely. Therefore, plant breeders have canalized all the efforts to enhance the grain yield and produce more crops under adverse environmental conditions to meet the demand of the ever-increasing human population. However, the majority of current staple crop varieties produce grains with insufficient micronutrients. Moreover, climate change decreases micronutrient uptake from the soil and translocation within the plant body. In this chapter, three strategies (agronomic, breeding and transgenics) of micronutrient biofortification in various staple crops are explained with recent successful examples. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.Öğe Bitki Peptit ve Amino Asit Taşıyıcılarının Demir Taşınmasındaki Görevleri(2022) Aksoy, Emre; Maqbool, Amir; Yerlikaya, Bayram Ali; Wahid, FazliDemir (Fe) bitkiler için önemli bir mikro-besin elementi olup, eksikliği bitki büyümesi ve gelişimini engelleyerek ciddi verim kayıplarına neden olur. Toprakta bulunan yarayışlı demirin bitkiler tarafından alınması ve bitki organlarına taşınması üzerine uzun yıllara dayanan detaylı çalışmalar gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu çalışmalar sonucunda demirin bazı organik maddeler ile şelatlanarak taşınabileceği gösterilmiştir. Bu organik maddelerin içerisinde peptitler ve amino asitler yer almaktadır. Ancak, demirin peptitler ve amino asitler ile bitki içerisine alımı veya organlar arası taşınması üzerine detaylı çalışmalar yapılmamıştır. Gerçekleştirilen az sayıdaki çalışmada oligopeptit taşıyıcı (OPT) ve İlaç/Metabolit Taşıyıcı (DMT) aileleri üzerine odaklanılmıştır. Yakın zaman önce bitkilerde keşfedilen UMAMIT amino asit taşıyıcı ailesinin demir taşınmasındaki olası rolleri ise henüz incelenmemiştir. Bu derleme kapsamında, demirin bitki içine alınması ve organlar arası taşınmasından sorumlu taşıyıcı aileleri ile OPT, DMT ve UMAMIT ailelerinin demir-peptit ve demir- amino asit komplekslerini taşımadaki rolleri özetlenmiştir.Öğe Effects of Natural Variations on Biofortification(Elsevier, 2021) Maqbool, Amir; Bakhsh, Allah; Aksoy, EmrePlants have evolved different strategies to uptake, translocate, and accumulate essential minerals. Genetic biofortification of staple crops has been ignored by breeders for decades in compensation of yield enhancements. Therefore, malnutrition and hidden hunger persist in developing countries. Genetic biofortification studies can benefit from the wide variation in natural wild relatives or populations of crop species. Ionomic studies have been performed in different crops as well as in Arabidopsis thaliana to determine the mineral composition of different organs in natural populations or recombinant inbred lines. Recently, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses and genome-wide association studies (GWAS) started to identify the molecular signatures that potentially cause the ionomic changes in natural crop populations. This chapter describes the studies in various crop species to determine the genetic variability in mineral contents and gives examples from recent advances in the identification of genetic factors controlling the variation via GWAS. © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Exploration of Climate Change Effects on Shifting Potato Seasons, Yields and Water Use Employing NASA and National Long-Term Weather Data(Springer, 2020) Yagiz, Ayten Kubra; Cakici, Mustafa; Aydogan, Nazlican; Omezli, Seher; Yerlikaya, Bayram Ali; Ayten, Sefa; Maqbool, AmirClimate change is a threat to agriculture but also presents opportunities and requires adaptation strategies. In many countries adequate meteorological data is lacking, so this is where NASA weather data are of assistance. We aimed to develop a generic and easily applicable approach to calculate the effect of climate change on potato yields and water need. We therefore used the NASA-Langley-Gaisma weather database which has data of thousands of sites worldwide. Comparing these with national data of a particular country, Turkey in this case showed that they compare well but diverge somewhat at the lower temperature range. The evapotranspiration (ETP) rate was not supplied by NASA, so we estimated this rate by multiplying the average daily radiation in MJ/m(2) by 5. There was a good correlation with actual ETP, and where there is a systematic deviation, it will not change conclusions when comparing sites and climate change scenarios. Next, it was assumed that potato crops are planted in spring when the average daily temperature is above 13 degrees C. When the average daily temperature reaches 22 degrees C and above, it is assumed that the crop is harvested as it gets too hot. For the highland sites with summer crops, this gave planting and harvest dates that reflect reality, but for the coastal sites, the time window with this method was too short. Since there is no risk of frost, farmers plant at lower temperatures, in local niches not covered by the regional met stations. The effect of climate change, higher temperatures, shifting planting dates and a CO2 induced increased growth rate on yield and water need of the crops was well explored with the LINTUL crop growth model. At unchanged rates of incident solar radiation and unchanged planting dates, an average decrease in potential yield from 94 to 83 t/ha is calculated. Extention of summer by 20 days on average causes decrease in the frost-free period, which leads to an overall increase of potential yield of the highland summer crops by 3%. The length of the growing season of the coastal spring crops is not extended; the season just moves closer to the winter with shorter day lengths and less radiation. So here yields are not affected by adverse high temperatures but are reduced by lower radiation levels. For both highland summer and coastal spring crops, an increase in the CO2 concentration of the atmosphere from the current 415 to future level of around 550 ppm is expected to increase the radiation use efficiency, so also yields by 25%.Öğe Field management practices to produce nutritional and healthier minor crops(Elsevier, 2023) Orhun, Gül Ebru; Maqbool, Amir; Akın, Melekşen; Eyduran, Sadiye Peral; Rakszegi, MariannaMinor crops species are one of the basic sources of essential nutrients required in human and animal nutrition. Field management practices play crucial role in crop production affecting yield and nutritional quality. A wide range of genetic and agronomic practices are adopted to achieve optimal yield and quality which are also affected by agro-climatic conditions. Overuse of NPK fertilizers and inorganic forms of micronutrients may have adverse effects on soil pH, beneficial microbial activity and other soil properties leading to poor yield and nutritional quality of crop species. Tillage, among the field management practices, plays an important role in nutrient availability by decreasing soil compactness and bulk density. In modern agriculture different tillage conditions are reported to increase the disease spread in crop areas as well. Keeping in view this reason, it is necessary to opt for the optimal and best tillage conditions. To cope with the aforementioned problems, appropriate field management practices are essential for good crop yield and quality. In this chapter we have summarized the effect of field management practices on nutritional composition and crop health of minor crops including oat, rye, triticale, and spelt. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Gamma rays induced genetic variability in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) germplasm(Elsevier, 2022) Zafar, Syed Ali; Aslam, Muhammad; Albaqami, Mohammed; Ashraf, Awais; Hassan, Arbaz; Iqbal, Junaid; Maqbool, AmirThe present study assessed the effectiveness of gamma radiation in inducing favorable genetic variability in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). An experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design to produce M-1 generation. Significant differences were observed among the genotypes as well as between the treatments at individual plant level based on observed traits (seed germination percent-age, seedling survival, plant height, number of flower clusters plant(-1), number of flowers and fruits plant(-1)). All observed characters in the mutagenized population were adversely affected with increasing radiation dose. Results identified 450 Gy as the most damaging radiation dose followed by 300 Gy and 150 Gy. Moreover, 300 Gy treatment was identified as lethal dose (LD50) as it caused a 50% germination inhibition in almost all the evaluated genotypes. The 150 Gy treatment showed the least damaging impact and induced maximum genetic variability in almost all the genotypes under study. Character association studies were also conducted which could be utilized in the selection of desirable mutants. Correlation studies revealed an altered association among the observed parameters from positive to neg-ative direction in 300 Gy and 450 Gy treatments as compared to control. These deviations in correlation coefficients proved that mutagenesis can break the linkage among specific loci. Furthermore, path coefficient analysis identified the growth attributes with an effective direct and indirect contribution in yield.(c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.Öğe Genome-wide identifiication of QTLs associated with iron defiiciency tolerance in soybean reveals GATA12 as the integrator of iron signaling in roots(Tubitak Scientific & Technological Research Council Turkey, 2023) Maqbool, Amir; Sahin, Ahmet; Bakhsh, Allah; Aksoy, EmreIron (Fe) is an essential micronutrient required for plant growth and development. However, its deficiency causes substantial yield losses, particularly in alkaline soils. Soybean (Glycine max) serves as an ideal model to study Fe deficiency chlorosis (IDC) due to its inefficient Fe uptake from the soil. Although the quantitative trait loci (QTL) associated with IDC tolerance were determined in soybean, the specific genes within these QTL regions remain unidentified. In this study, it was aimed to identify and analyze the expres-sion levels of genes present in IDC-responsive soybean QTL under Fe deficiency. Through this investigation, 6593 genes were identified within 19 QTL linked to IDC tolerance in soybean, and among these, 607 genes exhibited differential expression under Fe deficiency conditions. Notably, the orthologs of 10 selected genes, referred to as the core group, were found to be induced in Fe-signaling mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana. These core group genes were enriched in metal transport and Fe-signaling pathways. Further examination of these genes in an IDC-sensitive soybean cultivar revealed their induction under Fe deficiency and high soil pH conditions. Particularly, GATA TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR12 (GATA12) stood out with significantly increased expression levels of approximately 5 and 20 times under Fe deficiency and high pH treatments, respectively. Coexpression network analyses of the core group genes highlighted the significance of the cluster containing GATA12 as a crucial integrator of Fe signaling between the epidermis-localized FER-LIKE IRON DEFICIENCY INDUCED TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR (FIT) and the stele-localized POPEYE (PYE) signaling networks. Overall, the findings suggest that GATA12 and its close paralogs may act in the transcriptional network linking the two Fe-signaling networks in the root stele and epidermis. This knowledge sheds light on the intricate mechanisms of Fe signaling in soybean and provides valuable insights for future studies on IDC tolerance and Fe-efficient cultivar development.Öğe Grain yield, chlorophyll and protein contents of elite wheat genotypes under drought stress(Elsevier, 2022) Javed, Ahsan; Ahmad, Nadeem; Ahmed, Javed; Hameed, Amir; Ashraf, Muhammad Awais; Zafar, Syed Ali; Maqbool, AmirBackground: Drought stress at different growth stages significantly alters growth, yield, and quality traits of wheat. However, great variability exists among genotypes regarding their response to drought stress. Therefore, determining the impacts of drought stress on yield and quality traits would help to select the superior genotypes.Methods: This study investigated the effects of drought stress on wheat grain yield, chlorophyll, and protein contents. Fourteen (14) recently developed elite bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were used in this study for evaluation under irrigated (full irrigation) and drought conditions (half of normal irrigation). The data relating to growth, yield and protein contents were recorded.Results: Significant differences (P <= 0.01) were noted among genotypes for all recorded traits. Drought stress significantly reduced the days to 50 % heading, days to 50 % maturity, grain filling, plant height (cm), number of spikes per m2, chlorophyll index (SPAD), peduncle length (cm), number of grains spike1, thousand grain weight (g) and grain yield (kg ha-1). However, protein contents were increased under drought stress. Correlation analysis showed significant positive association of grain yield with thousand grain weight, number of spikes per m2, spike length, chlorophyll index, grain filling period and number of grains spike-1 under both irrigated and drought stress conditions. The protein contents expressed positive and negative relationship with yield under drought stress and irrigated conditions, respectively. Bioplot analysis revealed that genotype 'V-19618' and 'V-19600' proved superior under drought conditions regarding grain yield and related traits, while genotype 'V-19574' proved better under both irrigated and drought conditions.Conclusions: These identified genotypes, i.e., 'V-19618' and 'V-19600' can be utilized in future wheat breeding programs to induce desirable characters for producing drought tolerant wheat genotypes. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).Öğe Investigation of physiological, biochemical and molecular responses of soybean cultivars under iron deficiency(Niğde Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi / Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2018) Maqbool, Amir; Aksoy, EmreDemir (Fe), hem bitkiler hem de insanlar için temel mikro-besin maddelerinden bir tanesi olup, demir eksikliği en yaygın besinsel yetersizlikler arasında yer alır. Demir yetersizliği bitkilerde klorofil biyosentezinin azalmasına bağlı olarak gelişen demir eksikliği klorozuna (DEK) neden olur. Bu da doğrudan bitki verimini olumsuz yönde etkiler. Baklagiller içerisinde yer alan ve bir yağ bitkisi olan soya (Glycine max. L.), özellikle depoladığı demir miktarı bakımından tüm bitkiler arasında ikinci sırada yer aldığı halde, gelişimi esnasında karşılaşacağı demir eksikliği soya verimini büyük bir ölçüde azaltır. Bu yüksek lisans tezi kapsamında üç farklı olgunlaşma grubuna giren toplam 20 farklı soya çeşidinin demir eksikliğine karşı göstermiş oldukları fizyolojik, biyokimyasal ve moleküler tepkiler vejetatif ve generatif iki evrede belirlenmiştir. Bu kapsamda, demir eksikliğine maruz bırakılan bitkilerin klorofil indeksleri ve miktarları, fotosentez hızları, kök ve gövde yaş/kuru ağırlıkları, FRO enzim aktiviteleri ile yaprak, kök ve tohumdaki demir birikim miktarları belirlenmiştir. Ek olarak, stres uygulanan bitkilerin köklerindeki demir alımı ve taşınımından sorumlu GmIRT1-like, GmFRO2-like, GmFERRITIN and AtNRAMP-like [GmDMT1;1] genlerinin ifade seviyeleri belirlenmiştir. 20 soya çeşidinden III. olgunlaşma grubuna giren (orta-geçcil) Atakişi ve Nova çeşitlerinin farklı hassasiyet tepkilerine yol açtıkları belirlenmiştir. Öte yandan,dayanıklı olarak belirlenen çeşitlerden Arısoy ve SA88'nın farklı dayanıklılık mekanizmalarını aktifleştirdikleri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, Ateom-7 bütün çeşitler arasında demir eksikliğine en dayanıklı çeşit olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışma kapsamında dayanıklı olarak belirlenen çeşitler demir eksikliğinin görüldüğü İç Anadolu topraklarında yetiştirilmeye uygundur.Öğe Potato taxonomy and wild relatives(Elsevier, 2022) Naeem, Muhammad; Maqbool, Amir; Aksoy, EmrePotato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is an essential ingredient of the human diet in many countries. It is considered one of the top promising crops to reduce human hunger and poverty in the world. As a staple, it is the third most-produced food crop in the world. First domesticated in the mountains of South America, nowadays potato is cultivated worldwide in 159 countries. Cultivated potato (S. tuberosum L.) and its wild relatives belong to the Solanum sect. Petota (Solanaceae), which includes approximately 110 Solanum species. The large genetic diversity in the Solanaceae can be used in potato breeding for the development of new elite varieties that are more yielding, nutritious, and resilient to environmental stresses. Many studies have investigated the germplasm diversity of wild potato relatives in the center of origin. This chapter summarizes the studies done on potato germplasm diversity in terms of agro-morphological, molecular characterization, and preservation. © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Öğe Sero-RAPD makers based evaluation of chilli pepper germplasm for resistance to chilli veinal mottle virus(Elsevier, 2022) Saba, Sehrish; Ashfaq, Muhammad; Mehmood, Mirza Abid; Ahmad, Furqan; Alfarraj, Saleh; Ansari, Mohammad Javed; Maqbool, AmirBackground: Chilli veinal mottle virus is a remarkable threat to chilli crops worldwide including Pakistan. Methods: In the present study, 18 chilli pepper genotypes were catalogued against ChiVMV ATIPK isolate by using DAS-ELISA with virus-specific polyclonal antisera. Results: Out of 18 genotypes, four genotypes viz., Loungi pepper, Sanam, Red Pepper, and CV-1 were categorized as highly susceptible followed by three susceptible (Soofi, Royal Wonder, Pepper PLSQ) and four (Yolo wonder, Bhakkar Local, CIM-506, CR-25) were moderately susceptible. The plants of these genotypes exhibited characteristic symptoms of ChiVMV and accumulated a high level of virus titer. The rest of three (California wonder, Gola Peshawar, Red top) and four (CV-7, Hot Pepper, Doni Pepper, Ghotki) genotypes were grouped as resistant and moderately resistant, respectively. Three resistant and three highly susceptible genotypes were further appraised for genetic diversity by RAPD markers and a total of 75 bands were scored, 76% of them unveiled polymorphism with an amplification range of 5-9 bands. Genetic analysis revealed 44-78.67% similarities with Mean Similarity Index (MSI) ranging from 59.46 to 65.86%. Most of the primers were highly informative with PIC value fluctuated from 0.388 to 0.666, with an average value of 0.512. Cluster analysis further confirmed and clustered both groups of genotypes in a separate clade. Conclusion: It is concluded that genotypes; California Wonder and Red Top showed diverse response from other genotypes, not only based on symptoms and ELISA but also on markers' basis. Therefore, these genotypes could be useful as ChiVMV resistant sources in the chilli breeding program. (c) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of King Saud University.Öğe Soybean: A new frontier in understanding the iron deficiency tolerance mechanisms in plants(Springer, 2017) Aksoy, Emre; Maqbool, Amir; Tindas, Ilknur; Caliskan, SevgiSoybean (Glycine max L.) is an agronomic crop belonging to the legume family, and is the top second plant species with the highest iron (Fe) content. When exposed to Fe-deficiency during growth in the field, soybean yields are negatively affected from impaired chlorophyll biosynthesis, which is called as Fe-deficiency chlorosis (IDC). Although IDC in soybeans has been observed for years, the molecular studies to develop IDC-tolerant soybean cultivars were slower compared to the studies of other plant species. Recently, there are efforts to understand the molecular mechanisms behind IDC tolerance and use them to develop IDC-tolerant soybeans via molecular breeding and transgenic approaches. Genetic transformation of soybean is relatively easy, and loss-of-function mutant collections are readily available. There is a divergence in IDC tolerance among soybean cultivars, suggesting a potential improvement of soybean tolerance to IDC via molecular breeding. This mini review covers the latest developments in the field of soybean research to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of IDC tolerance. Soybean should be used a new model plant in understanding the Fe-deficiency tolerance mechanisms especially because of its high potential to be used as a bio-fortified crop to treat the iron deficiency in humans in the future.
