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    Cotton relay intercropping under continuous cotton-wheat cropping system
    (Springer Singapore, 2020) Jabran, Khawar; Nawaz, Ahmad; Uludag, Ahmet; Ahmad, Shakeel; Hussain, Mubshar
    Cotton-wheat is an important cropping system of the world in which cotton is sown after harvest of wheat in the start of summer season. In the recent decades, Bt cotton cultivars have been introduced to better combat the bollworms. However, the Bt cotton cultivars have a growth period longer than the conventional cotton cultivars. This situation pressured the farmers to opt to grow either wheat or cotton in a single year. This not only could result in economic loss to farmers but also could threaten the food security of the cropping region. Relay cropping of cotton in wheat was suggested by an innovative solution for maintaining the productivity and sustainability of cotton-wheat cropping system. Relay cropping of cotton in wheat could be done either by inter-seeding the seeds of cotton in free space between the wheat strips (while wheat is at reproductive phase) or by transplanting the 5-7-weekold cotton seedlings between the wheat strips. Subsequent research work indicated that relay cropping could improve the resource use efficiency and overall productivity of the cotton-wheat cropping system. In a 2-year study in Punjab, Pakistan, conducted at two locations, intercropping cotton in bed/ridge-sown wheat in early March improved the overall system productivity and cotton fiber quality as compared with conventionally tilled cotton sown after harvest of flat-sown wheat in late April. Future research may investigate the weed control and incorporation of conservation agricultural practices in the cotton-wheat relay intercropping systems. © Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2020. All rights reserved.
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    Impact of climate change on biology and management of wheat pests
    (Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2020) Bajwa, Ali A.; Farooq, Muhammad; Al-Sadi, Abdullah M.; Nawaz, Ahmad; Jabran, Khawar; Siddique, Kadambot H. M.
    Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production is vital to global food security. Climate change is threatening sustainable wheat production not only with direct negative effects on crop growth but also with a profound impact on pest biology and management. This review presents a critical analysis of the impact of key climate change elements, including drought, high temperature and increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels on biology, ecology and behaviour of wheat pests. Climate change is expected to favour the growth, virulence, multiplication, persistence and range expansion of most serious wheat pests. Rapid climatic changes are opening new geographic windows for disease outbreaks, insect attacks and weed infestations in wheat crops across the globe. Wheat-pest interactions are also favourable for pests in most cases where one or more climate change elements come into play. Existing pest management options are not successful under these circumstances. Climate change has a direct negative effect on the efficacy of existing control options, which increases pest virulence and their competitive ability, pest resistance to pesticides and pest-environment interactions, leading to inadequate pest control and substantial crop yield losses. Integrated pest management approaches, based on innovative and traditional pest control strategies, may be more appropriate in the changing climate. Proactive measures, including early detection and eradication by frequent pest-scouting, preventive control, and forecasting of potential outbreaks or new introductions by predictive modelling, could help in this regard. A better understanding of the changing pest biology, interactions and management strategies presented here is inevitable for successful pest management and sustainable wheat production under the changing climate.
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    Relay Intercropping Improves Growth and Fiber Quality of Bt Cotton
    (Friends Science Publ, 2019) Shah, Muhammad Asghar; Hussain, Mubshar; Nawaz, Ahmad; Jabran, Khawar; Farooq, Shahid; Farooq, Muhammad
    The optimal time of wheat harvest is the second fortnight of April, while Bt cotton is sown in March in cotton-based cropping systems of Pakistan. There is a time conflict of four to six weeks between harvesting of wheat and sowing of Bt cotton. Relay-intercropping of cotton in wheat crop near to maturity could help to resolve the conflict. The information regarding the effect of relay-intercropping on growth and quality of cotton is scanty. This two-year study compared the growth and fiber quality of relay-intercropped Bt cotton (sown in early/late March) in standing wheat crop with conventionally-tilled (CT) cotton planted after wheat harvest in late April. The relay-intercropped cotton was sown on ridges/beds in wheat, whereas CT cotton was sown after wheat harvest in late April or sown on fallow land in early or late March at Multan and Vehari sites. The CT Bt cotton grown on fallow land in early March had the best performance as indicated by plant growth and fiber quality. However, the relay-intercropped Bt cotton in bed-sown wheat had better growth and fiber quality than the CT cotton planted after wheat harvest in late April. At both sites, the taller plants and higher biomass production were recorded in relay-intercropped Bt cotton in bed-sown wheat in early March as compared with the CT cotton sown after harvest of flat-sown wheat in late April. Fiber firmness, its uniformity, length and strength were also improved in the relay-intercropped Bt cotton in bed-sown wheat in early March as compared to CT cotton sown after wheat harvest in late April. In conclusion, relay intercropping of Bt cotton in the standing wheat during early March improved plant growth and fiber quality in cotton-wheat cropping system. (C) 2019 Friends Science Publishers