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    Biochanin A and biochanin B
    (Elsevier, 2021) Sarfraz, Iqra; Rasul, Azhar; Riaz, Ammara; Ucak, Ilknur; Zahoor, Muhammad Kashif; Hussain, Ghulam; Nawaz, Javaria
    Natural products have emerged as a treasure trove of novel chemical scaffolds for drug discovery against various diseases including inflammation, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, and cancer. Isoflavones, polyphenolic compounds, from plants belonging to the Fabaceae family act as phytoestrogens and possess a pseudo-hormonal effect by binding with estrogen receptors in the human body. Due to this property, isoflavones exhibit multiple health-promoting benefits. In the class of isoflavones, biochanin A and biochanin B (formononetin) are prominent compounds renowned for their wide therapeutic window against numerous pathological conditions. Biochanin A and B possess antidiabetic, antiobesity, hepatoprotective, anticancer, and antiinflammatory activities. Biochanin A and B are rapidly absorbed in the body and possess safe pharmacokinetics as indicated by several in vivo investigations. This chapter aims to elaborate on the natural sources, pharmacological potential as well as bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of biochanin A and B, suggesting these compounds as interesting and safe candidates for drug design and development in the near future. © 2021 Elsevier Inc.
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    Cardamonin: A new player to fight cancer via multiple cancer signaling pathways
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2020) Nawaz, Javaria; Rasul, Azhar; Shah, Muhammad Ajmal; Hussain, Ghulam; Riaz, Ammara; Sarfraz, Iqra; Zafar, Saba
    Nature's pharmacy has undoubtedly served humans as an affordable and safer health-care regime for a long times. Cardamonin, a chalconoid present in several plants has been known for a longtime to have beneficial properties towards human health. In this review, we aimed to highlight the recent advances achieved in discovering the pharmacological properties of cardamonin. Cardamonin is cardamom-derived chalcone, which plays a role in cancer treatment, immune system modulation, inflammation and pathogens killing. Through the modulation of cellular signaling pathways, cardamonin activates cell death signal to induce apoptosis in malignant cells that results in the inhibition of cancer development. Moreover, cardamonin arrests cell cycle by altering the expression of regulatory proteins during malignant cells division. Due to its relatively selective cytotoxic potential against host malignant cells, cardamonin is emerging as a promising novel experimental anticancer agent. The potential of cardamonin to target various signaling molecules, transcriptional factors, cytokines and enzymes, such as mTOR, NF-kappa B, Akt, STAT3, Wnt/beta-catenin and COX-2 enhances the opportunity to explore it as a new multi-target therapeutic agent. The pharmacokinetic and biosafety profile of cardamonin favor it as a potentially safe biomolecule for pharmaceutical drug development.