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    Actinorhizal plants of Turkey: formation of nodules, cluster roots and ectomycorrhizal roots
    (2021) Rıley, Ian Timothy; Olowu, Eniola; Jawneh, Kaddijatou; Altı, Müge
    None of the known native actinorhizal species in Turkey, Alnus glutinosa and A. orientalis (Betulaceae), Datisca cannabina (Datiscaceae), Elaeagnus angustifolia and Hippophae rhamnoides (Elaeagnaceae), and the widely-planted exotic Casuarina cunninghamiana (Casuarinaceae), have confirmed records of actinorhizae in Turkey. This study determined the capacity of representative actinorhizal plants in Turkey to form nodules, cluster roots and ectomycorrhizal roots in a typical central Anatolian soil with and without amendment of soil and nodule extracts, as well as in soil from Adana and Izmir. Nodulation was confirmed experimentally for E. angustifolia and C. cunninghamiana in Niğde soil (the latter only with addition Adana or Izmir soil), but only observationally for A. glutinosa during sample collection in Rize. Cluster roots developed strongly in C. cunninghamiana, and likewise ectomycorrhizal roots in Allocasuarina verticillata (included as a reference species) but only to a lesser extent in C. cunninghamiana. The nodulation status of the natives, D. cannabina and H. rhamnoides, remains to be investigated.
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    Farmer Perception of Trees in a Semiarid Agroecological Zone
    (2022) Olowu, Eniola; Rıley, Ian Timothy
    Trees in upland, semiarid agroecological zones typically require water efficiency due to low rainfall, cold and dry temperatures as in Niğde Province, Central Anatolia, Türkiye. This study quantitatively assessed farmer perception of ecosystem services and production advantage of trees in a semiarid zone. Forty-nine farmers in Niğde Province were surveyed. The survey evaluated two major factors: ecosystem services and production advantage using eleven indicators. The responses were grouped by age, gender, education, district class (rural and urban) and farm settlement (rural and urban) and were analysed by test of association (?2) at P?0.05. Most farmers had knowledge of trees in their environment and mainly supported the perspective that trees were important mainly for cultural and provisioning ecosystem services. However, they held the opinion that having trees on their farmer was a production disadvantage in a semiarid agroecological zone. Although there were no gender differences in their perspectives, there were significant difference by age, education, district class and farm settlement. Farmers in this semiarid agroecological zone seemed more interested in trees with evident ecosystem services and production advantage such as improved crop yield, water efficiency, weed and pest management, ease of harvesting as well as reduced overall production cost. By implication, trees with multiple benefits are required if further planting by farmers is to be encouraged for agroecosystem improvement. In addition, tree choice will be based on farmer perception of the benefits of trees for ecosystem services and production advantage and further research to identify and promote trees that benefits the widest range of agroecosystems.